Fakulti Pengajian Maritim dan Sains Marin

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Detection of aquatic pollutants using luminescent bactteria
(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2014) Aty Atiqah Muhassan
Nowadays, luminescent bacteria as a sensing organism to detect the aquatic pollutants have been widely used. In this study, luminescent bacteria were identified and the effect of different concentrations of pollutants towards the density of luminescent bacteria was carried out. The luminescent bacteria were isolated from the ink of the squids. Then, the Gram staining was done to observe the shape of the luminescent bacteria. The bacteria were identified using VITEK. Besides that, the bacteria were tested with different NaCl concentration (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 % (w/v)) and at temperature (4, 26, 28, 37 and 40 ° C). Then, toxicity test was carried out with 1.5 ml of toxicants Cd, Zn Cb, HgS04, Pb(N03)2, diazinon and malathion (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 ppm) were added to 1.5 ml of bacterial suspension in a cuvette. As for control, 1.5 ml of saline solution was added to 1.5 ml of bacterial suspensions.
Biomass estimation of coral reef fishes in Redang and Bidong Island by underwater Visual census methods
(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2014) Abu naim Ubaidurrahman Ahmad Azlan
A research regarding the estimation of biomass of coral reef fishes particularly in Redang and Bidong Island by method of underwater visual census. Estimation refers to estimating the length of fish and its amount, in-situ as accurate as possible with the help of proven method from past research. After recording the data of length and abundance, the data was integrated to biomass and CHI by length weight relationship. Diversity was also done to show species richness, diversity and evenness. CHI was also conducted to show the healthiness of coral reef base on biomass of the fishes. Results of biomass, diversity and CHI were successfully obtained in this research.
Antibiofilm and antibacteria activities of marine sediment actinomycetes from Bidong Island Terengganu
(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2014) Maizatul Azrina Yaakob
The study of actinomycetes from marine sediment is essential in order to determine antibiofilm agents which ecosystem friendly. Good antibiofilm agents are which may inhibit formation of biofilm without killing the organism itself. Therefore as a preliminary investigation of this type of anti-biofilm, anti-bacteria bioassay was used to check the toxicity of the compound produces by the isolated actinomycetes. Hence, these studies were carried out to isolate Actinomycetes from marine sediment and determine their antibacterial and antibiofim activities. Then, the potential actinomycetes strains determined by 16S rRNA and morphology studies. From the present study, different actinomycetes strains (Label Actino 1-6) were recovered from marine sediment samples collected from Bidong Island, Terengganu.
Biomass production of brine shrimp artemia fed with jackfruit seed based extract enriched with lecithin (JSB-L+)
(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2014) Khatijah Saiful Bahari
Brine shrimps Artemia nauplii and decapsulated cysts have remained the first choice for the first feeding of fishlarvae, under intensive culture. However, compared with freshly hatched nauplii, the nutritional value of on-grown and adult Artemia is much exceptional. The increasing cost of Artemia is a constraint to fish farming among resource poor farmers particularly in the developing world, which has necessitated the need for alternative feeds. It has been shown that most of the feed used in the process of on-grown Artemia is costly and difficult to prepare. The use of jackfruit seed, a common agriculture waste product is a potential alternative to substitute the use microalgae Spirulina in the biomass production of Artemia
The potential of fruits and leaf extracts of pandanus odoratissimus as an antimicrobial agent
(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2014) Jasmin Jaafar
Pandanus odoratissimus have been known as in folklore medicine because of its antimicrobial activities. The antimicrobial activities that have been observed in Pandanus odoratissimus may be due to the presence of volatile terpenes alcohols and monoterpene hydrocarbons which reported to exhibit synergic antimicrobial effects. In this study an attempt has been made to find out effect of different extracts (methanolic, hexane and ethyl acetate) of fruits and leaf from Pandanus odoratissimus on antimicrobial activities and growth of four target bacteria i.e. E.coli, P.aeruginosa, S.aureus and B.subtilis. For antimicrobial activities, two tests are being done which are Disc Diffusion Test and Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC). The most active extracts if from Pandanus Hexane Core (PHC) and Pandanus Ethyl Acetate Key (PEK) of Pandanus odoratissimus fruits which have 13 mm and 15 mm of inhibition zone respectively for antimicrobial activities.
A study on diffuse attenuation coeficient of light (Kd) at coral reef area of Bidong Island
(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2014) Hartini Mohd Mukhtar Affandi
The coefficient of vertical light attenuation (Kd) can describes the underwater light field, with the variability of attenuation light in coral reef ecosystems. This experiment shows that attenuation can be vary with order of distance in near shore environment, increasing or decreasing with proximity to land and to the depth. Also due to various factors that may influence the light to attenuate into the water column. As Euphotic zone depth (Zeu), defines as the water body which the solar radiation dimishes to 1 % of its initial value at the surface. Open ocean waters usually recorded with low Kd value. When light is attenuated by these water constituents, Kd increases as Zeu decreases. These light attenuation plays a role in determining the rate of live coral cover of coral reef area. This experiment were done mostly to characterize Kd in different stations around Bidong Island and the variations of Kd and zone euphotic depth (Zeu) reading on reef coral community.
Systematic accounts and some aspects of reproductive biology of tenualosa toli
(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2014) Hanitha Devi M Kumar
Tenualosa toli also known as terubok, is a commercial and important fish species in Sarawak specifically and Asia generally due to its consumption and market demand. However, the fishmongers face trouble in differentiating this species with an almost similar species, Tenualosa macrura. Both species are sold at various price levels according to size. This research gathers specific details to aid in the visual differences in enhancing the identification. There are three main components that were focused throughout this study which were systematic accounts, length-weight relationship and reproductive biology.
Daily hehaviour of estuarine crocodile (crocodylus porosus, shneider 1801) in semi-natural enclosure at sarang buaya Pasir gudang, Johor, Malaysia
(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2014) Dana Raj Shanmugam
This study was conducted at Sarang Buaya Estuarine Crocodile Sanctuary, beginning from July 10, 2013 to August 08, 2013. The aim of this study was to observe, record and determine the pattern of daily behaviour of estuarine crocodile (Crocodylus porosu�) in semi-natural enclosure. Focal animal sampling was used on a 3.3 meter crocodile known as Scar Face (SF). During the study period 12 crocodilian behaviours were observed from SF. The duration data and frequency data showed a similar pattern in SF behaviour hence, the duration was used to compare the behaviours. Diving (p<0.019) and floating (p<0.008) were the dominant behaviour observed for the entire sampling period and they were significantly different among morning, afternoon and evening.
Study on In-vitro Fertilization of Orange Mud Crab, Scylla olivvacea (Hebst, 1976)
(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2014) Amin Safwan Adnan
Treated with eyestalk ablation and continuous feeding of squids which is Loligo spp, female mud crab, Scylla olivacea were induced for ovarian maturation till Stage 4 of ovary maturation stage in order to perform In-vitro trials. After the female crabs were fully mature enough Stage 4, the crabs were selected and been dissected. There are eight trials that have been done and the trials were divided into two parts which are by using sperms in spermatheca of female crabs and the other one is by using sperms in vas deferens of male crabs. Stages 4 ovary was combined with sperms and were maintained in small aquarium with 30 ° C of water temperature set by using water heater. Daily observation was done by using compound and advance microscope while the fertilization rate and early stage of embryonic development were calculated and being identified. The fertilization rates were different in each trial. Trial 1, 2 and 3 were failed and starting from Trial 4 until Trial 8, the fertilization rate starting to give favorable result.
Blood plasma protein pattern of the green asian arowana (Scleropages formosus)
(Terengganu: Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2013) Ou Xue Yi
The Asian green arowana (Scleropages formosus) is an important ornamental fish. Currently, sex identification of this species is still a major problem in arowana farming due to lack sexual dimorphism which hinders sex selection during culture. In this study, the protein pattern of the blood plasma which consists of major hormones of the arowana were determined with SOS-PAGE, revealing an apparent band at approximately 200kDa in arowana samples with unknown gender. Immunoprobing with a monoclonal Anti-Vtg (Zebrafish) failed to detect the protein of interest, perhaps due to weak cross-reactivity and specificity of the antibody against arowana. This band possibly represents Vitellogenin (Vtg) based on the molecular weight and reference from other piscine species.
Risk assessment on fishing vessel at Kuala Terengganu
(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2012) Muhammad Haziq Bachok
Fishermen are most of the times exposed to hazards while navigating to fishing grounds and during catching fish at sea. This study has been responded by 106 fishermen in Kuala Terengganu who are 55.6°/o from South Kuala Terengganu fisheries district and another 44.3°/o from North Kuala Terengganu district. The majority of the fishermen in the study area are of the middle age group between 46-55 years with the average fishing experience in the range of more than 20 years. Based on the distribution of the fishing zone, it shows that 48.1 °/o of total respondents are from A Zone. The work described in this paper is concerned with the systematic analysis of the hazards on Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia fishing vessels. Statistical data is reviewed and analyzed and then applied to the relative importance of each component with respect to system reliability. This method is considered an essential approach for providing a much better basis for safety decision making. Finally, in order to reduce the risk to vessels and crew, some suggestions are made to reduce the probability of human errors to improve the safety when working on the vessels.
A study on determinants of fishing vessels accident in Peninsular Malaysia
(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2012) Mohmad Amirul Azhan Mohmad Rashid
In this paper, accident data collected from the Department of Fisheries Malaysia and Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency are presented and analysis is carried out to determine the most common causes of accidents on fishing vessels in Peninsular Malaysia. Discussion on fishing vessel safety assessment and data problems are given.
The survival and growth rate of different species of Acropora coral by transplantation process at different depth at Bidong Island water
(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2011) Nur Hidayah Husein
This study was done in order to analyze and determine the survival and growth rate of transplant coral of two species of Acropora corals which were Acropora cervicornis and Acropora elseyi at three different depths. The transplant coral were monitored over 7 months in a reef in the Bidong Island started from July 2010 until February 2011. Transplants were in variety of sizes of coral (range from 6 cm until 16 cm) and deployed at three depths (3m, Sm and 7m). The measurement of coral by using vernier carliper was· taken in three times in July 2010, October 2010 and February 2011. The water physical· parameter was taken by using YSI Hydrometer/ Hydrolab meter. Specimens at the shallow depth had more rapid growth than the deeper ones. Mortality was equal to both species and the depth. A grnwth rate of coral transplant was decreased with depth but the ·. initial growth rate was higher for the first three month. The Acropora cervicornis growth rate was 0.451 cm month- ,. 1 in 3 meter depth, 0.481 cm month- 1 in 5 meter depth and 0.457 cm month- 1 in 7 meter depth. The average growth rate was not in the consistent value may cause by the coming Northeast Monsoon season and others factors. The Acropora elseyi growth rate was 0.513 cm month- 1 in 3 meter depth, 0.472 cm month- 1 in 5 meter depth and 0.46 cm month- 1 in 7 meter depth.
A study of plankton composition and abundance in fish pond at Pengkalan Gelap, Setiu
(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2011) Norrafiuddin Yusoff
Plankton research is critical in the aquaculture as the plankton serve as live food for the fish cultured. This study is focused on the plankton composition and abundance in different type of aquaculture pond. Different types of pond hold different fish stage; larvae and juvenile stage. This study was done at Kampung Pengkalan Gelap, Setiu from May to July 2010. Sample of water from four different type of pond is collected using hand net with 20 µm mesh size were brought back to lab for plankton analysis. The sample is preserved using 4% buffered formalin for zooplankton and Lugol's iodine for phytoplankton. The pond is juvenile pond, fish larvae pond, plankton cultured pond and control pond. The phytoplankton and zooplankton were identified and counted using Lackeys method for phytoplankton and zooplankton is using the formula to calculate the density. To know what species of plankton is abundance in pond is important. For phytoplankton, genus Chaetoceros is the most abundance where it presents in all ponds. The higher density of phytoplankton recorded in fish larvae pond with the value 3.34x10 cells/L.
Determination of volatile organic compounds (VOC) in wastewater from petrochemical industri area in Kerter Terengganu
(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2008) Nur Aainaa Syafini Mohd Radzi
This study was conducted in 12 sampling stations within PETRONAS Petrochemical Integrated Complex (PPIC), Kerteh, and Kerteh River during Northeast monsoon. The type of samples used to detect Volatile organic compounds (VOC) in this research is water. The samples were collected by using modified water sampler and preserved with 30 drops of 6N/300mL HCI before being placed in ice chest to maintain the temperature between O to 4 ° C. Samples were brought back to the laboratory for further analysis and identification by using GC- FID. Twelve species of VOC were detected and their concentrations were measured. The most dominant species identified was I, 4- dichJorobenzene that appeared in eight stations during pre monsoon, eleven stations during intermediate monsoon and in all stations during post monsoon. Averagely, 3 species were presents in each sampling station. From the research, it was known that the species and concentrations of VOCs were unevenly distributed and cannot been predicted. Total VOCs concentrations detected in Station I to Station 12 from pre to post monsoon were ranged between 0.0193µg/mL to 9.7535µg/mL. Exposure to the water at sampling areas (except for water with VOCs concentrations lower than 0.20µg/mL) can cause acute effects such as irritation, discomfort, exposure effects, headache and neurotoxic effects. Concentrations of VOCs along KIPC and GPP drainage reduced with increased distance towards the outflow of the drainage in Kerteh River except for GPP drainage during intermediate and post monsoon. Open pond which usually used to reduce organic containing wastewater present between Station 7 and 8 of KIPC drainage. The pond was not functioning well during this monsoon season except in intermediate monsoon. Concentration of VOC has found to be dependable on temperature and salinity.
Isolation of polyhydroxyalkanoate producing bacteria from sediment collected at Setiu
(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2013) Muhammad Amirrul Rasyid Ahmad
Gram negative strains, A 22 l o- 6 l and A 22 l o- 6 2 were isolated from mangrove sediment collected at Setiu. Both strains are potential polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) producer after shown positive results in screening for PHA production with Nile red stain when emitted pink fluorescence under UV light. Biosynthesis of PHA by both strains were carried out with glucose, fructose and oleic acid as carbon sources. GC analysis on dried sample of both strains from biosynthesis enriched with glucose and fructose detected production of medium chain length PHA. Strain A22 10-6 1 detected in production of C io, poly(3-hydroxydecanoate) P(3HD), C 12, poly(3-hydroxydodecanoate) P(3HD0) and C 14 , poly(3-hydroxytetradecanoate) P(3HTD) while A 22 1 o-6 2 detected for production of P(3HD) and P(3HTD).
Occurrence and distribution of marine endangered species in Kuala Terengganu waters
(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2013) Nur Izzati Zahari
This study was conducted at Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu. The questionnaire survey was used in this study. The focussing group in this study is mainly fishermen of Kuala Terengganu waters. After interview survey was done, the data will be managed in Microsoft Spread sheet Excel. The data then will be analysed by using Chi-square test. The occurrence and distribution of marine mammals, turtles and whale sharks in Kuala Terengganu waters were recorded. There are four species of turtles, six species of dolphins, three species of whales, one and only species of whale shark and one stranding dugong has been observed by the respondents. Meanwhile, the level of awareness on conservation of marine mammals, turtles and whale shark in Kuala Terengganu was considered as high. However, the education level in Kuala Terengganu did not differentiate the level of public awareness of the respondents regarding the conservation of marine mammals, turtles and whale shark. Nevertheless, the suggestion, opinion and improvement of conservation strategies are eventually going to play a significant role in monitoring and maintaining the marine mammals, turtles and whale sharks population in Kuala Terengganu. Therefore, the information gathered will serve as a basic plan for conservation efforts and to continue in-depth long-term studies of marine mammals, turtles and whale sharks in Malaysia.
The fatty acid concentration and composition on the growth of three cultured microalgae species
(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2013) Nur Safawati Abd Manab
Microalgae contain various types of essential fatty acid that functional in enhancing the growth and development of juvenile zooplankton. Three microalgae species had been culture with controlled condition and the culture method was inoculated with f/2 medium. The growth of microalgae culture affects the composition and component of fatty acid content. Fatty acid content in the analysis differs between microalgae species and across the growth phases due to different in microalgae strains, culture conditions and relative distribution at major lipid classes. The highest specific growth rate was dominated by Dunaliella sp. followed by Rhodomonas sp. and Chlorella sp. with 0.41 ind.d- 1 , 0.22 ind.d- 1 and 0.20 ind.d- 1 value respectively. On the other hand, the highest cell density dominated by Chlorella sp. followed by Rhodomonas sp. and Dunaliella sp. Among the three species studied, the highest fatty acid contents dominated by Rhodomonas sp. where it displayed the highest total fatty acid contents ( l 075.578 pg celr 1 ) in early log (EL) phase followed with Dunaliella sp. and Chiarella sp. In n-3 and n-6 fatty acids, Rhodomonas sp. also high in quantity across phases except in late log (LL) phase where the phases dominated by Chlorella sp. The fatty acids from polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUF A) division play main role in fatty acid contents as the highest contributor to fatty acid contents were from PUF A. The results obtained were significant in all microalgae species across four phases (p < 0.05).
Crude oil degrading ability by marine and freshwater bacteria
(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2013) Nurul Ashikin Elias
The extensive use of hydrocarbon can lead to the pollution of the environment which can give devastating impact to the abiotic and biotic components in the environment. Marine environment is the most concern areas as this area is the most susceptible area of pollutant. Thus, the study on bioremediation is carried out which use marine and freshwater bacteria to evaluate the efficiency of the bacteria to degrade the crude oil. The findings also found that four bacteria strains; Enterobacter sp., Psychrobacter sp., Brevibacterium sp. and Chromobacterium sp. USM2 shown good growth on crude oil agar. The number of colonies detected on crude oil agar shown no significant difference among each bacteria, whereby Chromobacterium sp. USM2 has shown the highest number of colony growth on crude oil agar (52 colonies). All four strains also have grown well in a basal salt medium enriched with the crude oil and glucose as carbon sources for them. The maximum growth of the bacteria in a crude oil treatment medium (1 ml) was 12.7±0.01 g/L by Brevibacterium sp. while in glucose treatment medium the maximum growth performed by Enterobacter sp. (15.8 ± 0.09) g/L. The study shows that the different carbon sources will yield different growth rate for each bacteria and the enrichment of nutrient in cultivation of bacteria will support the bacteria to grow well. Apart from the nutrient supply, other factors such as temperature for cultivation also considered as a limiting factor for the bacteria to grow. So, these four strains have proved that the effectiveness in degrading the crude oil where they use the crude oil as their sole carbon sources for growth.
Macrobenthos distribution and posible alien species at Teluk Kalong coastal water, Terengganu
(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2013) Muhammad Fahmi Umar
A study on the macrobenthos distributionand diversity was conducted at Teluk Kalung coastal water. A total number of 15 stations had been plotted in offshore area of Teluk Kalung. The macrobenthos samples were collected by using Smith McIntyre grab. Macrobenthos then were been preserved in 10 % formalin and been brought to laboratory for further analysis. Highest total of macrobenthos density was at Station 7 (1155.87 ± 854.2 ind/ m2). Station 13 with (90.68 ± 100.17 ind/m2 ) had the lowest value for total density of macrobenthos. The dominant phylum included phylum Annelida, Arthropoda, and Mollusca. Class Polychaeta under Phylum Annelida showed high density at all station except station 15 and 5. Phylum Nematode had the lowest density. At about 287 different organisms collected and 66 were been identified until species level. The diversity index (H') showed range between 0.98 ± 1.19 to 1.68 ± 1.78 and evenness index (J') between 0.23 ± 0.28 to 0.39 ± 0.42 respectively. The Bray-Curtis similarity indicates that there was 4 group of macrobenthos at similarity at 70%. The group shared the similar pattern of distribution. Geographical distribution was used as one of the criteria to determine the nativeness of a species. From 66 species level identified, only 11 species was possible to be known as non-native.

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