Pusat Pengajian Sains Marin & Sekitaran

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The abundance and diversity of phytoplankton at Kuala Terengganu coastal waters, Terengganu
(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2016) Alifah Ilyana Mohd Husni
The diversity, abundance and distribution of phytoplankton along Kuala Terengganu coastal waters have been sampled from 11 th th until 14 June 2015. The phytoplankton samples have been collected within range 8 - 52 meters from the water surface. Water sample (L) was collected and filtered through 60 µm mesh size plankton net. Filtered phytoplankton sample was concentrated to 150 mL and preserved with 10% formalin solution. Identification of phytoplankton to the genus level and cell counting using Lackey's method was done under light microscope. Calculation was done for density (cells/L), diversity index and evenness index. Phytoplankton density was counted using Lackey's method. About 31 genera were present from all of the sampling samples. Phylum Bacillariophyta was the most abundant. Most of abundant phytoplankton genera present were Trichodesmium, Bacteriastrum, Chaetoceros, Rhizosolenia, Proboscia, Thalassionema, Guinardia, Coscinodiscus and Ceratium.
Anti-cholinergi and antimicrobial properties of mangrove plant avicennia lanata
(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2014) Nor Emera Mohamed Napiah
Avicennia lanata is commonly known as grey mangroves or white mangroves which classified in the family of A vicenniaceae. Several researches were conducted on its closely related species Avicennia marina but there is no or few being carried out on A. lanata. The leaf, bark and root part of this plant has been extracted sequentially using dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol respectively. Each of the extracts is tested for its anti-cholinergic and antimicrobial properties. Two major active compounds (phenols/tannins and saponins) were observed in the root extracts which also contained glycosides and freeze dried leaf extract with alkaloid compounds. The highest anticholinesterase (AchE) enzyme activity is showed by freeze dried leaf extract with 86.22% of AchE enzyme inhibition then followed with 73.37% and 71.73% from methanol root extract and ethyl acetate root extract respectively at concentration of 2.5µg/ml.
Anti-cholinergic and anti-microbial properties of ceriops tagal (Temu)
(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2014) Nurul Khairiah Abdul Latif
Finding natural antimicrobial compounds with minimum side effects on health is important due to increasing numbers of antibiotic-resistant strains. Although there is currently no cure for Alzheimer's disease (AD), new treatments are on the horizon as a result of accelerating insight into the biology of the disease. Mangrove plants have extensively been used in medicinal fields. In the present study, the leaves and roots of Ceriops tagal were prepared by using 3 different solvents including: dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol sequentially. This study aimed to determine the antimicrobial, phytochemical screening and also anticholinesterase properties by using the mangrove plants. Antimicrobial activities were tested against five antibiotic-resistant and pathogenic bacteria which are Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhii, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia by using the disc-diffusion and micro dilution assay. Results showed that the methanol extract had the best results while the dichloromethane extract appeared weaker in both disc diffusion and micro dilution assay.
Anti-cholinergic and antimicrobial properties of sonneratia alba (perepat)
(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2014) Siti Zaharah Sharudin
Plants have been widely used as the medicine because of their medicinal value. In this study, we used two assays to identify the medicinal value that contained in mangrove plant Sonneratia alba. The antimicrobial activity of leaf and bark extract of S.alba in three different solvent such as dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol was determine by using two in vitro model, disc diffusion assays and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays against five species of pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pnuemoniae, Salmonella typhii, Escherichia coli, and Bacillus cereus. In disc diffusion method, freeze dried leaf methanol extract was show the highest inhibition zone that others with 1.45±0.15 mg/ml against Staphylococcus aureus.
Anti-microbial and anti-oxidant activity of proteinaceous extract from acanthaster planci
(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2017) Chia, Li Ping
Echinoderms are known as one of the sources that able to produce large variety of novel bioactive compounds. COT starfish Acanthaster planci has numerous kinds of protein or peptide which can possess wide of variety of biological activities. The objectives of this study were to isolate proteinaceous extract from A. planci and to evaluate anti-microbial and anti-oxidants activity of isolated protein from A. planci. The starfish A. planci was collected from Pulau Bidong. Its body and spine part was extracted with phosphate buffer solution and ethanol. The anti-microbial activity was tested agaisnt pathogenic bacterial by using well-diffusion method. The anti-oxidant activity also be tested by using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assay.
Antibacteria and antibiofilm activities of gram positive bacteria isolated from intestine of sea cucumber (stichopus horrens)
(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2014) Zazafareena Roslan
There was 10 Gram positive bacteria were isolated from this study (SCI, SC2, SC3, SC4, SC5, SC6, SC7, SC8 SC9 and SCIO). In primary antibacterial assay bacteria SCl exhibited moderate activity against all Gram negative targets used with range of inhibition zone between 1 l-14mm. While the other sample also showed activity against some of Gram negative and positive bacteria with range of inhibition zone between 9-15mm. Based on primary screening bacteria SCl, SC3 and SC9 were selected for second screening in attempt to obtain the minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) . There were no MIC values obtained from the second screening. This probably due to the insufficient of the active component in bacteria crude extract used for the assay. For the antibiofilm activities, bacteria SC2, SC3, SC4, SC5, SC6, SC7, SC8 and SCIO showed antibiofilm activities with IC50 in range between 36 µI to 70µ1. All the bacteria were identified via I 6S rRNA and only 5 bacteria that showed clear band. They were bacteria SC2, SC3, SC4, SC5 and SC6; and were identified as Bacillus cereus strain CAB 1-1 with 99% similarity, B. cereus strain ROKl with 99% similarity, Bacillus baekryungensis strain HNS89 with 99% similarity, B.cereus strain VCRC B540 with 100% similarity and B.cereus strain VN2 with 99% similarity, accordingly .
Anticancer activity of actinomycetes isolated from Bidong Island, Terennganu against MCF-7 cell line
(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2014) Nurul Balqis Mohd Mansor
Actinomycetes are known to produces chemically varied compounds with a broad range of biological acti ity. In this project, nine actinomycetes that have been isolated from Bidong island marine sediment but two potential actinomycetes as anticancer were identified as Streptomyces sp. and Nocardia sp which are A6 and A9 respectively. Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) and Casein Starch Agar (CSA) were used as culture and isolation media. From cytotoxic test, they showed IC50 value while the rest does not showed IC50 due to their reading were below 50 percent of cytotoxic index. That showed that actinomycetes strains number A 1, A2, A3, A4, AS, A 7 and A8 have low inhibition activity against MCF-7 cell line. They showed value greater than 100 µg/mL. Their sample concentration have to be increased a lot to reach IC50• A6 showed the highest cytotoxic followed by A9. A6 showed IC50 value (1.5 mg/mL) followed by A9 (5.3 mg/mL) at 24 hour test. For identification, actinomycetes strain no A6 and A9 (which are showed active anticancer activity) were identified through morphological characteristics due unobtainable PCR product. They were moderately active to inhibit cancer.
Anticancer activity of fruit and leaf extracts of pandanus odoratissimus on human breast cancer (MCF-7) cell line
(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2014) Rodhiyah Yahya
Natural products play an important role in production of new drugs, new drug leads and new chemical entities. Pandanus odoratissimus (Pandanaceae) is one of the most popular herbs and locally grows in Malaysia, and has been used traditionally to Ayurvedic medicine cure certain diseases. The present study is aimed to find out antioxidant and anticancer activity of P. odoratissimus against human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7). Antioxidant activity has been measured by using 2, 2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity and core showed highest antioxidant value among the other extracts. The effects of plant's parts on MCF-7 cell lines were determined using [3-( 4, 5-dimethylthiazolyl)-2, 5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide], MTT assay.
Banding patterns and growth of Porites corals in Port Dickson
(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2016) Lee, See Lung
Annual density banding pattern in massive Porites corals changes with the differences of environmental condition. Alizarin red dye was used to validate the deposition of skeleton by corals to determine the banding pattern. The banding pattern for Porites corals in Port Dickson was validated where the accretion of bright luminescent band started on October. The samples were then calculated for the banding and linear growth of the corals. The breadth of annual luminescent band was measured up to 0.01 cm accuracy for the linear growth rate. The linear extension rate range from 0.95 ± 0.01 cm yr1 to 3.42 ± 0.01 cm yr-'. All the samples showed no significant changes except for coral core PD-H showed significant negative growth (P<0.05). This was due to the low numbers in samples. The changes of growth in corals were closely related to the increase of SST. However, no significant changes were observed for the 4 decade records. The relationship of linear extension rate with SST was explored through linear regression and the statistic showed that there was no relationship between the two variables (P>0.05). However, it was suggested that the growth of Porites corals in Port Dickson was highly affected by sedimentation due to the high input of sediment, a result from the rapid development along the coastlines.
Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in Asian seabass, tilapia and grouper from Laguna Tujoh and Sungai Semerak, Kelantan
(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2017) Afiqah Abdullah Azif
Laguna Tujoh and Sungai Semerak are two of the largest locations for cage culture activity in Kelantan. Fish such as Asian seabass, Tilapia and Grouper are the common types of cage cultured organism. Twenty fishes and five sediments samples were collected from each study area to determine the concentration of Fe, Pb, Cu and Co as well the bioaccumulation factor (BAF) of each studied metals. Samples were digested using microwave digestion method which then measured using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (I CP O ES). Liver was accumulated the highest concentration of Fe in Laguna Tujoh with 386 mg/kg in Asian seabass and 205 mg/kg in Tilapia, while in Sungai Semerak with 139 mg/kg in Asian seabass and 193 mg/kg in hybrid Grouper. Bioaccumulation Factor (BAF) of muscle was calculated from the ration of concentration in the muscle over sediment. BAF values greater than 1 was found for Cu in the liver of all types of fish except for hybrid Grouper. This suggests that liver could be a good bioindicator of Cu pollution.
Bioactivities in marine sponge, ircinia sp. from Bidong Island
(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2014) Umi Alifah Junus
The antibacterial, antibiofilm and antioxidant activities of sponge collected from Bidong Island were investigated. Marine environment is a rich source of bioactive compounds so do sponges. Methanol extracts of Ircinia sp. were test for antibacterial against gram positive and gram negative bacteria, antibiofilm and antioxidant. Ircinia sp. was inactive against the eight strains bacteria and do not show any inhibition area when test for antibacterial. This is due to the compound contain in this genus do not active. Only control, Gentamycin and Ampicilin showed inhibitory against these bacteria. For antibiofilm, the compounds contain in this genus induce the biofilm formation and can be said the compounds only showed antibiofilm at low concentration. Whereas for antioxidant, this genus shows some oxidation activity but lower than the control, quercetin and also lower than IC5o. The highest percent inhibition is 46.1539 % at 5mg/mL.
Biosynthesis of biosurefactant by marine pseudomonas aeruginosa
(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2014) Mohd Saifuddin Halim
This study emphasizes on the evaluation of the ability of the marine strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa to biosynthesize biosurfactant from the various carbon sources and to characterize the rhamnolipid produced. The need of viable alternatives from toxic synthetic surfactants are inevitable in the current status quo where environmental protection is being implemented. Biosurfactant provides an insight to this issue where its application does not produce adverse effects to the environment. The production of biosurfactant also opens up doors to utilize organic wastes as carbon source fuel for the biosynthesis process thus giving an additional value to these wastes. The study sees that the production of rhamnolipid is significant in all carbon sources with different capacity and concentrations. The diversity of the P. aeruginosa strain to survive in various terrain and condition may be a reason of the positive outcome from the tests. Collectively, the results obtained from this study may be able to provide additional information to the bettennent of biosurfactant study.
Biosynthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoate by Vibrio spp. using renewable resources
(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2016) Lim, Xiu Ji
Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) is a ty pe of biodegradable plastics which can be synthesized by bacteria under limited nutrient and excess of carbon source. Three Vibrio spp. were used for PHA production which were Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio harveyi. In this study, five renewable and cheap carbon sources were used for PHA production, namely molasses and sweetwater from sugar cane refinery by-products, glycerol and glycerine pitch from oleochemical wastes industry and lastly roselle wastes from roselle extraction industry to cut down the cost production. Results showed that only V. alginolyticus is able to produce trace amount of Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate, P(3HB), with the P(3HB) content of 3.57±1.89%(w/w) by using glycerine pitch as carbon source. All other strains with different carbon sources showed negative result on production of PHA.
Cetacean stranding in penisular Malaysia : past and present
(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2014) Muhammad Ruhaizzad Rusli
A well-maintained marine mammal stranding database can be an invaluable tool in understanding not only stranding but also changes in the marine environment. This study aimed to examine the following aspects of marine mammal stranding in the Peninsular Malaysia: species composition, temporal (i.e., frequency of stranding per year and seasonality) and spatial (i.e., frequency of stranding per region and state) variation and stranding hotspots. This study is done in collaboration with Turtle and Marine Ecosystem Centre (TUMEC) under the Department of Fisheries Malaysia which acted as the sole provider of the cetacean stranding dataset recorded from 2004 to 2013 in Peninsular Malaysia waters. A total of 48 stranding occasions were recorded which all of them were classified as single stranding, with an average of five observed stranding occasions annually.
Changes of Pb/Ca in coral cores of Pulau Redang between 1990-2010
(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2014) Mohammad Ikram Mohammad Naser
Lead (Pb) is one of the most pervasive pollutants in the marine ecosystem. Pb pollution and their effect to the coral reef area at the Pulau Redang, massive coral skeleton (Porites sp.) was determined between 1990 and 2010. Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to measure the Pb content in the coral skeleton. Meanwhile the study of linear extension rate was using ultra violet light. Dark box was used to see the bands in the coral slab. The alternating density (high density band and low density band) determined the growth rate (linear extension). The growth rate of massive coral Porites in Pulau Redang between 1990 and 2010 was decreasing, while the Pb concentration showed increasing trend from 1990 to 2010. The lowest growth rate is in year 2010 with 1.3 cm/year, the second lowest are 2005 with 1.5 cm/year and the highest growth rate were 2.5 cm/year which in year 1996. Linear extension growth decreased.
Characterization of bio-optical properties in coral reef waters of Bidong Island
(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2014) Muhammad Hafizuddin Aris; LP 18 PPSMS 1 2014
Surface water samples were collected from 11 stations at Bidong Island during August-September 2013 to analyse the total concentration of chlorophyll, suspended particulates, colored dissolve organic matter (CDOM) and spectral absorption coefficient of dissolved and particulate material. Live coral covers were also determined on selected areas. The end of blue spectrum ( 440nm), light absorption by non-phytoplankton materials (CDOM and detritus) accounts for more than 54% of the total non-water absorption. In balance, a minimum of 16% out of total absorption came from phytoplankton components. During the southwest monsoon season, relatively low concentration of total chlorophyll (< 0.164 mg m- 3 ) were observed at outer stations of Bidong Island.
Concentration of As, Cd, Hg and Pb in squid, L. chenesis landed at Pengkalan Maras, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu
(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2016) Mimi Aina Najeyha Noor Ley
This study was conducted to determine the concentration of heavy metals in squid, L. chinensis landed at Pengkalan Maras, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu in 3 consecutive months 12 May, 22 June and 22 July (25 squids sample). The aims of this study are to provide information on the concentration of heavy metals As, Cd, Hg, and Pb in bone, internal organs, tentacles and mantle in Loligo chinensis species and estimate the "Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake" (PTWl) of respective metal by humans. The concentration was measured using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Each sample contains As, Cd, Hg, and Pb in the range of 46.1-1017. l µg/kg, 1.3-571.7 µg/kg, 0.3-100.7 µg/kg and 0.5-52.5 µg/kg dry weight respectively. Range of heavy metals were lower than the maximum level issued by the F AO /WHO (2004). The concentration of heavy metals in the selective L. chinensis tissue is in descending order; As> Cd> Hg> Pb. PTWI rate also shows that the concentration of heavy metals in the organs of the L. chinensis are in line and under standard had issued by F AO. Therefore, L. chinensis that landed in Pengkalan Maras are safe to be consume by human in terms of selected heavy metal concentrations.
Density index and species identification of vibrios at coral reefs of Terengganu
(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2014) Nurzahirah Kamarudin
This study investigated the density index of Vibrio species at coral reefs area in Terengganu by using Coral Health Index metric. High density of Vibrio is closely related to human activities and pollution, and these reflect the health of coral reefs. On the other hand, Vibrio was reported not only responsible for human illness but also affect other marine life including mammals, mollusks and the zooxanthellae of corals. Vibrios were collected in water sample at reefs environment and cultured on Thiosulphate Citrate Bile Salt Agar (TCBS Agar), a selective agar for Vibrio spp. From colonial forming unit count, the highest density was in Pulau Bidong and the lowest was in Pulau Redang. All nine study sites showed scores of l for the density index and this show that the coral reefs are in very healthy state by mean of microbe's measurement.
Determination microphytoplankton in Terengganu coastal area during South-West monsoon using satelliteb imagery
(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2014) Norsyaidah Md Chan
Microphytoplankton are the microscopic manne plant that wander in water column. The objectives of this study are to determine the mirophytoplankton from ground survey, to determine the chlorophyll concentration in Terengganu coastal area using satellite imagery and also to determine the relationship between chlorophyll a concentration and microphytoplankton. This study being conducted in Marang, Kemaman and Bidong Island coastal water and divide to few layer of water column. Sampling was being done during southwest monsoon( 5 July until 14 September 2013). The microphytoplankton divided to Ochrophyta, Cyanophyta and Myzozoa. Among all species, Coscinidiscus, Chaetoceros and Trichodesmium were dominantly found in all station. In Kemaman, the density of Ochrophyta and Cyanophyta were 328214 no. of cell/ mL, and 49087.5 no. of filament/ mL. Marang show the density of Ochrophyta were 917235 no. of cell/ mL and Cyanophyta were 100065 no. of filament/ mL. Bidong Island had density of Ochrophyta in about 6571 no. of cell/ mL and 2122 no. of filament/ mL.
Determination of current circulation and wave characteristic from regional ocean model (masnun) near Pulau Tioman
(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2016) Nur Zafirah Zapri
Pulau Tioman is located in the South China Sea and influenced by monsoon seasons: northeast monsoon and the southwest monsoon. The seasonal wind monsoons have a major impact on the wave height and current circulation in the South China Sea including the Pulau Tioman. This project investigates the wave characteristic and current circulation around the Pulau Tioman water. The data from MASNUM model were used to simulate wave height and current circulation around the Pulau Tioman water for the period from November 2014 to October 2015. The model was validated against limited available in-situ data from Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP). European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Reanalysis wind data was used to identify the wind pattern over the water near Pulau Tioman. The simulation results were used to determine the changes of seasonal winds (northeast monsoon and southwest monsoon) on wave characteristics and current circulation during transition period around the Pulau Tioman. April and October represented as the transition period in this project.

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