Pusat Pengajian Sains Marin & Sekitaran
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Item Remote estimation of sea surface salinity (SSS) from satellite-derived cdom in coastal watrer of Terengganu(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2017) Nur Farhana Md ZahairThis study focuses on empirical closure to the estimation of sea surface salinity (SSS) by using remote sensing of ocean colour. There are two types of important relationship of water optical properties. The first includes the understanding of characteristics of coloured dissolved organic matter (CDOM) along the conservative mixing in salinity gradient. The second one is the relationship between CDOM and water-leaving radiance (upwelling and downwelling radiance). Based on the analysis that we have conducted using statistical analysis, the best CDOM absorption in ultra violet wavelength such as 350nm and 380nm can be estimated using blue green ratio as Rrs (412/547) with value ofR 2 = 0.9018. Next, the seasonal dynamic of salinity in coastal water area is determined from satellite ocean colour. During wet and well mixed season (Northeast Monsoon) CDOM was almost mixing up well with salinity but acted vice versa during the dry season (Southwest Monsoon). With these results, CDOM and salinity can be estimated by satellite ocean colour as well.Item Oxidative stress responeses in bivalsves from Setiu Wetland(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2017) Nor Fairuz Nadhirah RuslanOxidative stress refers to situations that occur when there is an imbalance of production and neutralization of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by antioxidants caused by excessive generation of ROS and/or loss of antioxidant that can cause oxidative damage and glutathione reductase (GR) is used as biomarker that acts as protector in the mechanism against that damage. Bivalves are the bio-indicator in this study because they are widely used in environmental toxicology studies that capable to show a rapid antioxidant response towards pollutant and as a human food sources. This study focus on oysters (Crassostrea iredalei) and mussels (Anadara ova/is) which are the common species that mostly found in Setiu Wetland, Terengganu. The samples were analysing on tissues-specific relation of oxidative stress to GR by measuring the reduction of NADPH at 340nm. Before that, protein mass determination using Bradford method is needed to estimate the specific activity of the GR. The outcome shows that the GR activities in gills for both species are greater than digestive glands.Item Object based image analysis fpr predictive substrate distribution map using multibeam echo sounder (MBES) and backscatter in Bidong Island(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2017) Norazainee AnuarThis study conducted to map a seafloor substrate and the area that was covered was in South West of Bidong Island which located in Terengganu. The first part aims is to delineate meaningful pattern of substrate distribution in backscatter and multibeam bathymetry using Object Based Image Analysis (OBIA) and the second part classifies type of seafloor substrate using multibeam bathymetry and backscatter data. An acquisition of acoustic for multibeam bathymetry, backscatter mosaic and ground truth data in South West of Bi dong Island is used to characterize the sea floor substrate. Acoustic data of were collected R2Sonic 2020. For ground truth data, sample of sediment has been grab and classified based on its texture from triangle plot, thus classifying the sediment as coarse sand and very coarse sand. The data of mutibeam bathymetry, backscatter image and parameters from mutibeam were used for predicting the type of substrate that can be found on these seafloor. These combination of data were runs using Benthic Terrain Modeler (BTM), ISO Cluster unsupervised and Remote Sensing Object Based Image Analysis (RSOBIA).Item Vertical profile of metallic tracevelements in sediment cores from Terengganu waters(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2017) Kong Sher-RineThis study conducted to map a seafloor substrate and the area that was covered was in South West of Bidong Island which located in Terengganu. The first part aims is to delineate meaningful pattern of substrate distribution in backscatter and multibeam bathymetry using Object Based Image Analysis (OBIA) and the second part classifies type of seafloor substrate using multibeam bathymetry and backscatter data. An acquisition of acoustic for multibeam bathymetry, backscatter mosaic and ground truth data in South West of Bi dong Island is used to characterize the sea floor substrate. Acoustic data of were collected R2Sonic 2020. For ground truth data, sample of sediment has been grab and classified based on its texture from triangle plot, thus classifying the sediment as coarse sand and very coarse sand.Item Geochemical study on marine surficial sediments along the east coast of Penisular Malaysia(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2017) Darshinee NadarajanTwenty-four marine surficial sediment samples were collected along the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia, in southern South China Sea during the Ehpedisi Pelayaran Saint(fik Kebangsaan (EPSK) 2016 in August 2016. The sediments were analyzed for heavy metals, Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd contents to determine the areal distribution of the metals along the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia and to associate the relationship between heavy me�al concentration in surficial sediment and the grain size of the sediment. The contents of studied metals were measured from the 63 µm fraction of the dried sediments and analyzed using an Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry after the closed acid digestion process. Results showed that the ranges of heavy metals concentration in the sediments are as follows: 2.127µg/g dry weight to 38.7µg/g dry weight (Cu), l 1.9µg/g dry weight to lOOµg/g dry weight (Zn), 12.99µg/g dry weight to 33.9µg/g dry weight (Pb) and 0.03µg/g dry weight to 0.20µg/g dry weight.Item Anti-microbial and anti-oxidant activity of proteinaceous extract from acanthaster planci(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2017) Chia, Li PingEchinoderms are known as one of the sources that able to produce large variety of novel bioactive compounds. COT starfish Acanthaster planci has numerous kinds of protein or peptide which can possess wide of variety of biological activities. The objectives of this study were to isolate proteinaceous extract from A. planci and to evaluate anti-microbial and anti-oxidants activity of isolated protein from A. planci. The starfish A. planci was collected from Pulau Bidong. Its body and spine part was extracted with phosphate buffer solution and ethanol. The anti-microbial activity was tested agaisnt pathogenic bacterial by using well-diffusion method. The anti-oxidant activity also be tested by using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assay.Item Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in Asian seabass, tilapia and grouper from Laguna Tujoh and Sungai Semerak, Kelantan(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2017) Afiqah Abdullah AzifLaguna Tujoh and Sungai Semerak are two of the largest locations for cage culture activity in Kelantan. Fish such as Asian seabass, Tilapia and Grouper are the common types of cage cultured organism. Twenty fishes and five sediments samples were collected from each study area to determine the concentration of Fe, Pb, Cu and Co as well the bioaccumulation factor (BAF) of each studied metals. Samples were digested using microwave digestion method which then measured using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (I CP O ES). Liver was accumulated the highest concentration of Fe in Laguna Tujoh with 386 mg/kg in Asian seabass and 205 mg/kg in Tilapia, while in Sungai Semerak with 139 mg/kg in Asian seabass and 193 mg/kg in hybrid Grouper. Bioaccumulation Factor (BAF) of muscle was calculated from the ration of concentration in the muscle over sediment. BAF values greater than 1 was found for Cu in the liver of all types of fish except for hybrid Grouper. This suggests that liver could be a good bioindicator of Cu pollution.Item Distribution and movement of sidement during premonsoon and monsoon at Pantai Penarik, Terengganu(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2016) Qurratu'ain SamionThe study on distribution and movement of sediment was conducted along Pantai Penarik, Terengganu. The studied was carried out in order to determine the distribution of sediment and beach profile changes. The direction of sediment movement was also revealed based on sediment characteristics and beach profiling. The physical parameters such as rain distribution and wind velocity play an important role where, they influences the changes of beach profile and sediment characteristics. The sampling was conducted in eight transects with approximately 2 kilometer distance between each transects except transect 3 and 4. The sampling coordinate was set same as the previous studied. Transit Sokkia C4 l O was used during the sampling to take the reading of the beach profiles. Besides that, the Moment Method was used to calculate the sedimentology characteristics. Based on the changes of beach profile, we can see that, during Northeast monsoon season, the transect 1, 5 and 8 was undergoes both erosion and deposition process, while the others transect was undergoes erosion process. Furthermore, during post-monsoon the beach profile of all transect was changed, where all transect was eroded compared to the previous studied that the beach profile of all transect was deposited.Item Determination of current circulation and wave characteristic from regional ocean model (masnun) near Pulau Tioman(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2016) Nur Zafirah ZapriPulau Tioman is located in the South China Sea and influenced by monsoon seasons: northeast monsoon and the southwest monsoon. The seasonal wind monsoons have a major impact on the wave height and current circulation in the South China Sea including the Pulau Tioman. This project investigates the wave characteristic and current circulation around the Pulau Tioman water. The data from MASNUM model were used to simulate wave height and current circulation around the Pulau Tioman water for the period from November 2014 to October 2015. The model was validated against limited available in-situ data from Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP). European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Reanalysis wind data was used to identify the wind pattern over the water near Pulau Tioman. The simulation results were used to determine the changes of seasonal winds (northeast monsoon and southwest monsoon) on wave characteristics and current circulation during transition period around the Pulau Tioman. April and October represented as the transition period in this project.Item Environmental assessment of metallic trace element (Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu) contamination in surficial sediment at coastal waters of Setiu, Terengganu(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2016) Nor Sahidah JamaludinThe distributions of selected metallic trace elements (Cd, Pb, Zn and Cu), total organic carbon and particle mean size were determined in 27 surficial sediment at coastal waters of Setiu, Terengganu. Closed acid digestion method were used for the heavy metal analysis. Dry sieving method and dry combustion method were used for the particle mean size- and total organic carbon analysis in this study. From this study, higher metals concentration in surficial sediment were dominated with Zn with the average concentration of 13.40 ± 5.25 �Lglg dw, followed by Pb, Cu and Cd with average concentration 7.32± 3.02 µgig dw, 4.38 ± 1.57 µgig dw and 0.03 ± 0.02 µgig dw respectively. The distribution of total organic carbon ranged between 0.02% to 1.89%, while particle mean size ranged between 0.500 and 3.520 respectively. The average of each heavy metal was found to be lower compared to the Upper Continental Crust (UCC). Correlation analysis showed that all metals have a weak correlation with the both distribution of particle mean size and total organic carbon. Other than that, co-association with selected metal also showed that those metal does not comes from the same sources except for Zn and Pb.Item Deternination of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon concentration in he surficial sediments off the coast of Pulau Pinang(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2016) Mohd Mursyid Mohd SanipThe surficial sediment from 10 stations oof the coast of Pulau Pinang were collected, and analysed for the concentration of aliphatic hydrocarbons (AHs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS) right after the extraction and separation processed. Sediment were extract using ultrasonication method followed by fractionation using silica-alumina column. 27 targeted aliphatic hydrocarbon ranging from n-Dodecane (C12) to n Hexatiracontane (C36), and 19 targeted species identified and quantified by matching their retention time with a aliphatic and PAH standards respectively. Total aliphatic hydrocarbons (TAH) and PAHs (IPAH) found in this study ranged 233.91-1698.26 ng/g and 1.87-787.85 ng/g respectively. The concentration of TAH and IPAH were affected by the characteristic of area near to the stations. IP AH and other ratios such as low molecular weight/high molecular weight (LMW/HMW); Benz[ a] anthracene/binz[ a] anthracene+chrysene (BaAfI228); Phenanthrene/ Anthracene (Phe/ Ant); Anthracene/ ( Anthracene+ Phenanthrene) Ant/(Ant+Phe) in each station indicated that, the study areas were considered as low pollution area and were affected by the type of PAH sources. For TAH, Carbon Preference Index (CPI) 13-35, alkanes ratio for terrigenous over aquatic input (TAR), and ratio of low molecular weight /high molecular weight (LMW /HMW) indicated that the biogenic inputs were significantly higher than the anthropogenic inputs.Item Concentration of As, Cd, Hg and Pb in squid, L. chenesis landed at Pengkalan Maras, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2016) Mimi Aina Najeyha Noor LeyThis study was conducted to determine the concentration of heavy metals in squid, L. chinensis landed at Pengkalan Maras, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu in 3 consecutive months 12 May, 22 June and 22 July (25 squids sample). The aims of this study are to provide information on the concentration of heavy metals As, Cd, Hg, and Pb in bone, internal organs, tentacles and mantle in Loligo chinensis species and estimate the "Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake" (PTWl) of respective metal by humans. The concentration was measured using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Each sample contains As, Cd, Hg, and Pb in the range of 46.1-1017. l µg/kg, 1.3-571.7 µg/kg, 0.3-100.7 µg/kg and 0.5-52.5 µg/kg dry weight respectively. Range of heavy metals were lower than the maximum level issued by the F AO /WHO (2004). The concentration of heavy metals in the selective L. chinensis tissue is in descending order; As> Cd> Hg> Pb. PTWI rate also shows that the concentration of heavy metals in the organs of the L. chinensis are in line and under standard had issued by F AO. Therefore, L. chinensis that landed in Pengkalan Maras are safe to be consume by human in terms of selected heavy metal concentrations.Item Biosynthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoate by Vibrio spp. using renewable resources(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2016) Lim, Xiu JiPolyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) is a ty pe of biodegradable plastics which can be synthesized by bacteria under limited nutrient and excess of carbon source. Three Vibrio spp. were used for PHA production which were Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio harveyi. In this study, five renewable and cheap carbon sources were used for PHA production, namely molasses and sweetwater from sugar cane refinery by-products, glycerol and glycerine pitch from oleochemical wastes industry and lastly roselle wastes from roselle extraction industry to cut down the cost production. Results showed that only V. alginolyticus is able to produce trace amount of Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate, P(3HB), with the P(3HB) content of 3.57±1.89%(w/w) by using glycerine pitch as carbon source. All other strains with different carbon sources showed negative result on production of PHA.Item Banding patterns and growth of Porites corals in Port Dickson(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2016) Lee, See LungAnnual density banding pattern in massive Porites corals changes with the differences of environmental condition. Alizarin red dye was used to validate the deposition of skeleton by corals to determine the banding pattern. The banding pattern for Porites corals in Port Dickson was validated where the accretion of bright luminescent band started on October. The samples were then calculated for the banding and linear growth of the corals. The breadth of annual luminescent band was measured up to 0.01 cm accuracy for the linear growth rate. The linear extension rate range from 0.95 ± 0.01 cm yr1 to 3.42 ± 0.01 cm yr-'. All the samples showed no significant changes except for coral core PD-H showed significant negative growth (P<0.05). This was due to the low numbers in samples. The changes of growth in corals were closely related to the increase of SST. However, no significant changes were observed for the 4 decade records. The relationship of linear extension rate with SST was explored through linear regression and the statistic showed that there was no relationship between the two variables (P>0.05). However, it was suggested that the growth of Porites corals in Port Dickson was highly affected by sedimentation due to the high input of sediment, a result from the rapid development along the coastlines.Item Holothuria species as indicator of heavy metals pollution in Pulau Bidong, Terengganu(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2016) Chan, Shue FenThis study aims at determining the heavy metals concentration and bioaccumulation factor (BAF) in Holothuria species in Pulau Bidong, Terengganu. Concentration of selected heavy metals (Zn, Fe, K, Mg, Pb, Cd, Co and Al) were analyzed in body wall, longitudinal muscle, respiratory tree, and digestive tract of Holothuria species in Pulau Bidong by using lCP-OES after the samples were digested with Microwave Digestion machine with l.5 mL of nitric acid. The heavy metals concentration are significantly different (p < 0.05) between body parts of Holothuria. K and Mg were the two highest metals with the concentration level of K was 5097.57 µg/g in body wall, 4333.04 µg/g in longitudinal muscle, 329.76 µg/g in respiratory tree and 5672.95 µg/g in digestive tract while concentration of Mg was 7858.32 µg/g in body wall, 6248.71 µg/g in longitudinal muscle, 7012.86 µg/g in respiratory tree and 9256.27 µg/g in digestive tract. Concentration of Pb was five times higher than the permissible levels of Malaysian Food Regulation while Cd was 2.4 times higher than permissible levels in world scale. Bioaccumulation factor of Holothuria species indicated Holothuria species is macroconcentrator with the values of bioaccumulation factor is higher than 2 in all four body parts. This indicates Holothuria species is suitable for biomonitoring of its environment. K and Mg are essential elements that require for daily biological processes of Holothuria which explains the high concentration of both elements in Holothuria species.Item The abundance and diversity of phytoplankton at Kuala Terengganu coastal waters, Terengganu(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2016) Alifah Ilyana Mohd HusniThe diversity, abundance and distribution of phytoplankton along Kuala Terengganu coastal waters have been sampled from 11 th th until 14 June 2015. The phytoplankton samples have been collected within range 8 - 52 meters from the water surface. Water sample (L) was collected and filtered through 60 µm mesh size plankton net. Filtered phytoplankton sample was concentrated to 150 mL and preserved with 10% formalin solution. Identification of phytoplankton to the genus level and cell counting using Lackey's method was done under light microscope. Calculation was done for density (cells/L), diversity index and evenness index. Phytoplankton density was counted using Lackey's method. About 31 genera were present from all of the sampling samples. Phylum Bacillariophyta was the most abundant. Most of abundant phytoplankton genera present were Trichodesmium, Bacteriastrum, Chaetoceros, Rhizosolenia, Proboscia, Thalassionema, Guinardia, Coscinodiscus and Ceratium.Item Production of biosurfactant by marine pseudomonas spp. and its characterisation(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2015) Umahsreerekah A/P Gopala KrisnanThe production of rhamnolipid usmg renewable resources especially the agro industrial wastes are more preferred compared to chemically synthesise surfactants. As in the findings from this study, four carbon sources namely glycerol, sweetwater, molasses and glycerin pitch were used for rharnnolipid production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAOl and Pseudomonas putida KT2440. Conditions of biosynthesis involving carbon to nitrogen ratios ( excess of carbon sources and nitrogen source limitation) were conducted in order to enhance the productivity of rhamnolipid. The rharnnolipid concentration was determined using colorimetric orcinol assay. Result showed that P. aeruginosa worked best at C/N ratio 40 in glycerol and sweetwater (6.87 g/L and 0.67 g/L respectively), C/N ratio of 30 in molasses (0.36 g/L) whereas P. putida worked best in C/N ratio 50 in glycerol (0.51 g/L), C/N ratio 30 in sweetwater (0.29 g/L) and 40 in molasses (0.33 g/L). P. aeruginosa produce more rharnnolipid concentration (1.47 g/L) using glycerin pitch compared to P. putida (0.46 g/L). From these result, it can be said that the rharnnolipid production using renewable carbon sources will be a good approach in proper waste management and bioconversion of by-products into value added materials.Item Distribution and abundance of benthic foraminifera in the coastal water at Kuala Perlis and Kuala Kedah(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2015) Nur Sakinah Abdul RazakThe distribution and abundance ofbenthic foraminifera and their relationship with the physical parameters, sediment texture and organic matter were studied in the coastal waters at Kuala Perlis and Kuala Kedah. A total of 15 genera, 11 families and 4 orders were determining with a relative abundance (>2 %). The living specimens of foraminifera were rare (<2 %) in this study therefore the total assemblage (living and dead) has been considered. The identified genera include Ammobaculites spp., Ammomarginulina spp., Cribrostomoides spp., Tritaxilina spp., Textularia spp., Quinqueloculina spp., Asterorotalia spp., Pseudorotalia spp., Pararotalia spp., Ammonia spp., Bulimina spp., Discorbinella spp., Bolivina spp., Elphidium spp. and Nonion spp. The assemblages were largely influenced by 4 genera namely, Ammonia spp. (57 %), Ammobaculites spp. (10 %), Elphidium spp. (9 %), Asterorotalia spp. (9 %) and Pseudorotalia spp. (9%).Item Species diversity and biology of landed sharks in Pulau Kambing site, Kuala Terengganu(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2015) Nur Azimah Az'riA total of 89 sharks landed at Pulau Kambing landing port from the Terengganu waters region, comprising the four families, Carcharhinidae, Hemiscylliidae, Sphyrnidae and Scyliorhinidae, and 8 of these shark species were examined. Measurements of size and weight were different and varied among species, ranging from 0.3 to 7 .5 kg in body weight and from 41.6 to I 05 cm in total length. Chiloscyllium punctatum were the most dominant species. The average size showed in the result, landed shark were abundance in juvenile stage from the total collection, especially for genus Carcharhinus and genus Sphyrna that landed, Carcharhinus sorrah, Carcharhinus sealei, Carcharhinus brevipinna and Sphyrna lewini is categorized as Endangered species and other sharks included in the landings are also categorized as Near Threatened. Thus, the current fishing methods could lead to critical levels of shark species in these waters, and even the future extinction of species.Item Distribution of heavy metals concentration in surficial sediments of Muar river, Johor, Malaysia(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2015) Margaret A/P William ThomasIn the aquatic system, surficial sediments act as a vital indicator of heavy metal effluence. This study purposes (1) to determine and illustrate the degree of heavy metals (chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As)) contamination in the surficial sediments collected at Muar River due to the surrounded development of anthropogenic activities such as fishing activities, boating, industrials and municipal output, agricultural and aquaculture at Muar River which have a high tendency to emit heavy metal pollutants to the river and estuary; (2) to evaluate the relationship between the sediment grain size and heavy metal concentrations in surficial sediments of Muar River. Hence, the distribution, correlation and pollution status of heavy metals in 40 surficial sediments collected by Ponar grab were analysed using ICP-MS after Teflon bomb digestion and the results were visualized using ArcGis 10.0 software. The average concentrations was 71.9 µgig dw (Cr), 20 µgig dw (Cu), 238.83 µgig dw (Zn), 289.57 µgig dw (Pb), 5.47 µgig dw (Cd) and 30.86 µgig dw (As), respectively where all of the average concentrations are higher than the Upper