Pusat Pengajian Sains Marin Dan Sekitaran

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ELUCIDATION OF POTENTIAL PROTEINS ASSOCIATED WITH Vibrio parahaemolyticus INFECTION IN WHITELEG SHRIMP, Penaeus vannamei USING HOST-PATHOGEN PROTEIN-PROTEIN INTERACTION NETWORK ANALYSIS
(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2024) NUR FATHIAH ROSILAN
SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERISATION, CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY EVALUATION AND STRUCTURE-ACTIVIITY RELATIONSHIP STUDY OF NEW FERROCENE-INDOLE DERIVATIVES AS POTENTIAL ANTICANCER AGENTS
(UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU, 2020) LIEW KEN MIN
Ferrocene-indole is a series of organometallic molecules that consist of a ferrocene moiety directly or indirectly attached to an indole core at any possible position of substitution. A series of seven new ferrocene-indole molecules was synthesised, designed and their cytotoxicity were tested against cancer cell lines. The study concludes that ferrocene-indole with indole substituted at position 2 and 7 are more active in cytotoxicity compared to the others in the series. The employed synthesis method was a resemblance of Steglich Esterification, with EDC·HCl acted as coupling agent and DMAP as catalyst. A precursor molecule, ferrocenephenylenediamine was synthesised through EDC coupling. In addition, a series of ferrocenephenyldiamide-indole was synthesised using the mentioned precursor, with all six possible indoles substituted by the precursor. Characterisation of the compounds were accomplished by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), CHN Elemental Analysis and Mass Spectroscopy (MS). Meanwhile, MTS Assay was chosen as a biological evaluation of the six ferrocene-indole hybrids.
Synthesis And Characterization Of Disubstituted Conjugated Ethynylated-Imine Derivatives As Potential Liquid Crystalline Materials
(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2019-08) Mohd Rashid, Nur Amirah Nabilah
A typical liquid crystalline material usually consists of rigid center, linker/bridge and flexible chain tail. By taking this in consideration, 15 novel compounds bearing ethynyl (C=C), imine (C=N) and alkoxy chain were introduced through condensation process of primary amines and aldehydes. This highly conjugated molecules with general formula of Donor-Ar(C=N)Ar(C=C)Ar(C=N)Ar-Donor are believed to exhibit liquid crystalline nature. All synthesized compounds were characterized spectroscopically and analytically via CHN Elemental Microanalysis, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), 'H and 'C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Cyclic voltammetry (CV) analysis. For liquid crystal study, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Polarized Optical Microscopy (POM) were carried out to give better understanding. The infrared spectra revealed the most significant bands of interest C=N and C=C at 161 7-1621 em'and 2201 -- 2209 cm' respectively which then were confirmed by the presence of C=N resonance around 8.31 -- 8.39 ppm and c 159.00 - 161.75 ppm in 'H and C NMR spectroscopies respectively.
Synthesis And Characterization Of Disubstituted Conjugated Ethynylated-Imine Derivatives As Potential Liquid Crystalline Materials
(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2019-08) Mohd Rashid, Nur Amirah Nabilah
A typical liquid crystalline material usually consists of rigid center, linker/bridge and flexible chain tail. By taking this in consideration, 15 novel compounds bearing ethynyl (C=C), imine (C=N) and alkoxy chain were introduced through condensation process of primary amines and aldehydes. This highly conjugated molecules with general formula of Donor-Ar(C=N)Ar(C=C)Ar(C=N)Ar-Donor are believed to exhibit liquid crystalline nature. All synthesized compounds were characterized spectroscopically and analytically via CHN Elemental Microanalysis, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), 'H and 'C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Cyclic voltammetry (CV) analysis. For liquid crystal study, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Polarized Optical Microscopy (POM) were carried out to give better understanding. The infrared spectra revealed the most significant bands of interest C=N and C=C at 161 7-1621 em'and 2201 -- 2209 cm' respectively which then were confirmed by the presence of C=N resonance around 8.31 -- 8.39 ppm and c 159.00 - 161.75 ppm in 'H and C NMR spectroscopies respectively.
Fabrication and characterization of gellan gum films incorporating nanostructured titanium dioxide for wound dressing applications
(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2019) Nur Arifah Binti Ismail
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanostructures, which are nanoparticles, nanorods and nanotubes, were successfully synthesised by using the hydrothermal method. These TiO2 nanostructures were incorporated into gellan gum (GG) film. Good film was produced by using 1.00 g GG with a 5 mM CaCl2 cross-linker and 50% w/w glycerol as a plasticiser dried at 50 °C for 24 h. GG incorporating TiO2 nanoparticles (GG+TiO2-NPs), nanorods (GG+TiO2-NRs) and nanotubes (GG+TiO2-NTs) was produced via the evaporative casting method. GG+TiO2-NTs film shows the best mechanical properties, a high swelling ability and moderate water vapour transmission rates attributed to the chemical interaction between GG and TiO2 nanotubes. GG+TiO2-NTs film also shows antibacterial properties with 10 ± 0.38 mm, 12 ± 0.06 mm, 11 ± 0.06 mm and 10 ± 0.12 mm inhibition zone was obtained against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which are as good as control samples (penicillin).
Optimization Of Metarhizium Anisopliae (Metgra4 Strain) Mass Production: A Bio Control Agent Against Red Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus Ferrugineus
(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2018) Insyirah Ishak
The Red Palm Weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus is one of the serious insect pests for major cultivated crops worldwide. The use of bio control agent such as entomopathogenic fungi is highly recommended as it is a host specific, environmental friendly and cost effective. A strain of Metarhizium anisopliae namely MET-GRA4 was isolated from Terengganu soil has the potential to be commercialized as bio-pesticide against RPW. Thus, study was conducted to screen and optimize the mass production of M. anisopliae using One Factor A Time (OFAT) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM); Central Composite Design (CCD) model. The OFAT and RSM models used to investigate the interaction of incubation time, water amount and additional supplement. OFAT model factors first screening showed that 15 ml of water, 4 weeks of incubation time yielded 1.01 g of spores. The second screening, yeast yielded 1.367 g higher than peptone, 0.982 g. The CCD models optimization found the optimum conditions to mass produce METGRA4 was at 4 weeks of incubation, yeast 2.5% - 3% and 15 ml water content, yielded 1.39 g with 77.14% to 86.43% spore viability. Then, the bioassay of adult RPW was tested to determine the pathogenicity of mass produced MET-GRA4 spore. The harvested mass produced spores were infected on adult RPW for 21 day with same spore concentration 5 x 10 8 conidia/ml but different viability. The LT50 of 80-99% viable spores recorded at 8.6 days with 92% of mycosis effect, while the lowest spore viability 30-49% took 21.37 days with 16.6% of mycosis effect.
Ichthyodiversity In Rice Agroecosystem In Seberang Perai Tengah, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2018) Mohamad Aqmal Bin Mohd Naser
Fish dynamic studies in rice agroecosystem are still lacking in Peninsular Malaysia. This study aim to explore the community structure of fishes in rice agroecosystem in different stages, habitat and seasons of paddy planting. Multiple sampling gears were used, including cast net, gill net and scoop net. Twenty-six species of fishes were recorded from 14 families, dominated by Cyprinidae, followed by Osphronemidae, Bagridae and Clariidae. Fish communities based on rank abundance curves possess log normal distribution. Species diversity, species richness and species evenness in both seasons were similar but species richness between seasons did not have significant differences. Species diversity is the highest at reproductive (Shannon; 1.83 ± 0.17 and 1.93 ± 0.10) while, species evenness is the highest at vegetative (Evenness; 0.70 ± 0.10 and 0.69 ± 0.10) but species richness is the highest at the ripening stage (Margalef; 1.81 ± 0.57 and 2.98 ± 0.21). Species diversity and evenness were the highest in the river meanwhile species richness is higher in the concrete canals and earth ditches. The significant difference (p < 0.05) of species richness was observed between both seasons across all stages in all habitats except river during vegetative and reproductive stage. Fish taxonomic diversity at all stages and habitats did not have significant differences (p > 0.05). However, dendrogram and nMDS results showed that fish assemblages were separated into two groups (69% similarity) and three groups (80% similarity).
The Application Of Two Dimensional Nearshore Spectral Waves (2d-Nsw) Model For Wave Prediction And Wave Power Potential Along Terengganu Coastline
(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2014-06) Nur Amalina Binti Abdul Latiff
This thesis is an investigation of the wave power resource in the Terengganu nearshore area. The aim of this study is to evaluate the performance of the nearshore spectra wave model and hence used the simulated result to assess the wave power potential. The MIKE-21 Neashore Spectral Wave (MIKE-21 NSW) model has the potential of serving as a tool for obtaining accurate estimates of wave field condition along the Terengganu nearshore area. Generally, the transformation of the offshore wave field, as it propagates into this area, is computed by using hindcast input wave data from the European Center for Medium Range Weather Forecast‗s (ECMWF) (70 m water depth), as a boundary data. The accuracy of the modelled output was investigated by directly comparing it to the available Acoustic Wave and Current (AWAC) observation wave data (16 m water depth) during the overlapping recording period.
Thermal Frontal Zone And Associated Coastal Upwelling Along The East Coast Of Peninsular Malaysia
(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2015-06) Kok Poh Heng; Marine and Environmental Sciences
The main aim of this study is to investigate the thermal fronts and coastal upwelling along the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia (ECPM). In view of that, monthly sea surface temperature (SST) climatology data were used to achieve this goal. The factors responsible for the formation of thermal fronts and coastal upwelling were determined. In addition to SST, chlorophyll-a concentration, sea surface height (SSH) and marine fish landing data were used to examine the implications of coastal upwelling on the marine environments. Besides that, in order to provide and to compare the in-situ vertical structure of the water column between the upwelling and non-upwelling events, in-situ hydrographic cruises during the both periods were conducted. In general, the formation of thermal fronts along the ECPM is dependent on the monsoon system. During the northeast monsoon, the formation of thermal fronts along the ECPM is a result of the southward advection of cooler water tongue near South Vietnam and its’ location is influenced by the speed of southward flowing western boundary current in that region. As the speed of this current increase from November until January, the cooler water tongue moves closer to the ECPM and its recedes when the current moves at a slower rate between January and inter-monsoon.
Water Characteristics And Current Circulations Off East Coast Peninsular Malaysia
(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2014-05) Nur Hidayah Binti Roseli; Marine Science and Environment
A descriptive analysis on water characteristics and current circulation at the east coast Peninsular Malaysia was done by using different available sources of data. The main dataset was the in-situ data collection obtained from three different cruises taken in September 2011 (Cruise 1), June 2012 (Cruise 2) and October 2012 (Cruise 3). In –situ CTD parameters of temperature, salinity, density and dissolved oxygen were selected to explain the water characteristics while in-situ ADCP data was used to measure currents at the study area. Because of some limitations in this in-situ data to explain the seasonal variations, satellite tracked drifter data of SVP and assimilated model outputs of BRAN were added to this study. According to the moored ADCP result that was deployed for about 17 hours at the offshore area, the currents behaviour was prominently influenced by diurnal cycles, which is tides. The effect of tides to the currents here were more prominent in the meridional current (v-component) compared to zonal current (u-component). At the same time, the currents also are changing seasonally as observed from SVP and BRAN model outputs. However, CTD data that was taken every two hours within the mooring period did not show any significant diurnal variability in the water properties. The vertical profiles of the snapshots data that were taken in different months also did not show any diurnal changes. The different in vertical profiles was more obvious in between months. BRAN‟s model outputs of temperature and salinity also confirmed that the study area had a prominent seasonal variability of water properties.
Distribution Of Water Physico-Chemical Parameters And Biogenic Elements In Setiu Lagoon During Monsoon Events As Indicator For Primary Productivity
(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2015-06) Aida Royyani Binti Abd Ariff; School of Marine and Environmental Sciences
he study was conducted in the Setiu Lagoon, Terengganu involving three sampling periods, namely in May 2007 (post-monsoon), September 2007 (pre-monsoon) and January 2008 (monsoon). Samples of nutrients (NO3 - - - + N, NO2 -3 -N, NH4 -N, PO4 -P), primary productivity, chlorophyll-a and physico-chemical parameters of water were collected during low and high tides from 6 stations in the lagoon area and 6 stations in the riverine area except for primary productivity where samples were taken during the pre- monsoon and monsoon seasons only during high tide. Data obtained were analyzed to assess the variations of water quality within Setiu lagoon spatially and temporally subjected to monsoonal events and tidal changes. From the results, the N:P ratio indicated that the study area was mostly N limited especially in the lagoon area. Correlation analysis indicated that phytoplankton consumed more NO3 - -N during low tide in the post- monsoon (p<0.01) and pre-monsoon season (p<0.05) but during high tide, PO4 -P more favorable to phytoplankton in the post-monsoon (p<0.01) and pre-monsoon season (p<0.01). Factor analysis showed that monsoonal event affects the phytoplankton productivity in the study area compared to tidal event. Temperature was the primary factor while nutrients concentration and salinity were the secondary factors. These indicated that monsoonal events coupled with tidal events contribute to the nutrient supply into the study area. Non-point sources and natural sources were the contributer for the nutrient enhancement in the study area. The study area was still not polluted with nutrients loading and did not exhibit any sign of eutrophication. The nutrient level did not exceed the standard of MWQCS (2010). The physico-chemical parameters and nutrients can be a good indicator for primary productivity in the Setiu lagoon.
Response Of Incised Valley Systems With Sea Level Change During Late Pleistocene-Holocene At Penyu Basin, Sunda Shelf
(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2016-08) Md Mostafizur Rahman
Valley incision and infilling, as well as the fluvial response of uppermost Pilong formation in Penyu Basin located offshore of present-day Pahang River Basin, Peninsular Malaysia during Late Pleistocene-Mid Holocene was studied. A detailed study of time slices, horizon surfaces and vertical sections of three-dimensional (3D) volume data, high-resolution two-dimensional (2D) CHIRP acoustic profiles, and seabed bathymetric data provided a very good opportunity to delineate the changes of the deglacial fluvial pattern as well as its internal morphology and its evolution through geologic time. Based on the fluvial origin, plan-view pattern and internal architecture, six classes of deglacial fluvial sequences have been categorized. The lowermost sequence is classified as straighter incised valley system with incised dendritic tributary valley system that is characterized by braided channel system followed by high sinuous meander belt associated with confined meander channel system. Later, fluvial regress response from meander belt to a braided valley system
A Study On Clay Minerals And Major Element Oxides In Surface Riverine Estuarine Sediments From Selected Rivers Of Terengganu,Malaysia
(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2015-12) Lina Idayu Binti Abdullah
The clay mineralogy deposition and major oxide elements distribution of the surface estuarine sediments from the selected estuaries of Terengganu was studied in order to know the types of clay minerals and the source of sediments. A total of 68 sampling stations were collected from the estuaries of Terengganu River, Kemaman River, Dungun River and Besut River. The sediments were examined using X-ray Diffractometer (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope with Electron Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) methods for the clay minerals present and major oxides composition.
Characterization Of P(3hb-Co-4hb) Copolymer Synthesis Consisting Of High 4hb Monomer Using Cupriavidus Sp. Usmaa1020 Transformant Strains
(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2015-08) Muhammad Syafiq Bin Ishak
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are naturally-occurring biodegradable thermopolyesters accumulated by bacteria. Copolyester of Poly(3- hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) [P(3HB-co-4HB)] were noted for its high biocompatibility. This makes it an excellent candidate for medical as well as biopharmaceutical applications. A Gram-negative bacteria, Cupriavidus sp. USMAA1020 has the ability to synthesized P(3HB-co-4HB) copolymer with various 4HB monomer compositions. Additional copies of PHA synthase gene (PhaC) from Cupriavidus sp. USMAA1020 (PhaC1020) and Cupriavidus sp. USMAA2-4 (PhaC2-4) the key enzyme in PHA synthesis into Cupriavidus sp. USMAA1020 wild-type strain resulted in higher 4HB monomer composition of the copolymer produced. The transformant strains was cultivated with 1,6-hexanediol (0.5175 wt%) and γ-butyrolactone (0.1725 wt%) through one-stage cultivation. 4HB composition up to 93 mol% obtained by Cupriavidus sp. USMAA1020phaC1020 while 91 mol% 4HB molar fraction was obtained by Cupriavidus sp. USMAA1020phaC2-4.
Structural, Electrical And Ion Transport Properties Of Natural Polymer Based Carboxylmethyl Cellulose Doped Ammonium Carbonate
(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2017-05) Mohd Ibnu Haikal Bin Ahmad Sohaimy
Conducting solid polymer electrolytes (SPE) has garnered much attention since it possesses great advantages especially polymer derived from natural sources. Current work aims are to develop and characterize SPE films formed from carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as the polymer host and doped with varying ammonium carbonate ((NH4)2CO3) concentration (1 wt.% - 11 wt.%) through solution casting techniques. The CMC-(NH4)2CO3 SPE were tested and analyzed by numerical analysis to determine the effect of (NH4)2CO3 in the CMC-(NH4)2CO3 SPE system. The CMC-(NH4)2CO3 SPE films structural analysis was conducted through X-ray diffractometer (XRD) for phase identification and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) for complexation confirmation. All CMC- (NH4)2CO3 SPE films show highly amorphous content with crystallite size ranging between 0.96 nm and 1.37 nm. IR vibrational analysis shows interaction mainly occur at 1591 cm -1 wavenumber due to C=O of carboxyl group of CMC interaction with H + of ammonium carbonate.
Sandbar Regulated Hydrodynamic Influences On Hydrochemistry Of Mengabang Telipot Estuary, Peninsular Malaysia
(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2014-02) Koh Mei Kee
Influences of river and groundwater hydrodynamic behaviours (water level, flow velocity and flow rate) on hydrochemistry (salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO) saturations and dissolved phosphate (DP)) were evaluated through high spatial and temporal resolution study at sandbar-regulated Mengabang Telipot estuary. River and groundwater levels were measured using stick gauge and pressure transducer sensor. River flow velocity was measured using Valeport flow meter. River flow rate was calculated from stage-area curve. River and groundwater were sampled sub-daily at high tide and low tide. Salinity, pH and DO were measured in-situ using YSI Multi-parameter probe. DP was determined using ascorbic acid method. River hydrodynamic during sandbar closed event was characterized by minor dependency on tidal fluctuations, gradual increase of water level, continual low flow velocity and flow rate. These hydrodynamic behaviours established a hydrochemistry equilibrium, in which water properties generally were characterized by virtual absence of horizontal gradients while vertical stratifications were significant. In addition, the river was in high trophic status as algae blooms were visible. Conversely, river hydrodynamic in sandbar opened event was tidal-controlled and showed higher flow velocity. Horizontal gradients of water properties became significant while vertically more homogenised and with lower trophic status. Groundwater hydrodynamic during sandbar closed event was less controlled by tides and the water level gradually increased through time. On the contrary, groundwater level during sandbar opened event was tide controlled.
The Distributions And Behaviour Of Nitrogen-Based Nutrients In Terengganu River Estuary
(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2016-04) Azyyati Binti Abdul Aziz
This study was carried out to determine the distribution and behaviour of nitrogen (N)-based nutrients for surface water in Terengganu River estuary (TRE). The N- based nutrients measured were dissolved inorganic N (nitrite, nitrate and ammonia) and organic N (dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and particulate organic nitrogen (PON)). Surface water samples were collected during longitudinal and diurnal surveys under different tidal conditions from February to September 2012. Low concentration of nitrite (0.002-0.393 µM) and nitrate (0.3-4.7 µM) were found during longitudinal surveys. Meanwhile, the concentration of ammonia, DON and PON were 1.0-35.4 µM, 3.2-40.6 µM and 1.5-23.6 µM, respectively. The results also indicated that the percentage concentrations of dissolved inorganic N (longitudinal = 35%; diurnal = 19%) were lower than organic N (longitudinal = 65%; diurnal = 81%). Generally, distributions of N-based nutrients were higher in freshwater region which indicated a strong riverine influenced in TRE. In addition, most of N-based nutrients showed higher concentration during spring tide suggesting contribution from the resuspension of bottom sediments. Most of the parameters measured appear to behave non-conservatively with an addition tendency.
Accumulation Of Metallic Elements In Commercial Fish Species Of Setiu Coastal Waters, Terengganu As Pollution Bioindicator
(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2018) Muhammad Izzat Bin Kamaruzaman
The pollution from Metallic Elements (MEs) becoming one of the major concern in assessing potential human risk on food consumption. Wild commercial fish exposed to the natural environment are the main source of exposure to human. Thus, this study was conducted to determine the concentration of MEs in selected commercial fish of Setiu coastal water and to study the correlation of the metals with the fish sizes. Ten types of MEs including chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) were detected in both the liver and muscle of five commercial species collected namely Auxis sp., Megalaspis cordyla, Rastrelliger sp, Selaroides sp. and Nemipterus sp. Fishes were dissected for muscle and liver and digested using Teflon Bomb digestion method. The concentration of MEs in the organ were detected using the Inductive Coupled Plasma – Mass Spectrophometer. The data obtained show selected MEs were higher in the liver than the muscle except for Cr for all fish species collected. Overall concentration of all fish species shows that the concentration of Fe>Zn>As>Cu>Cd>Mn>Cr>Hg>Ni>Pb in the liver and the concentration of Fe>As>Zn>Cr>Cu>Mn>Ni>Hg>Pb>Cd in the muscle. The size of fish and the trophic level does not influence the MEs concentration in the fish. The concentration of MEs in the liver can safely say that does not affect the concentration of MEs in the muscle means that the fish diet is not the main source of metal content for muscle.
Nanostructures Synthesized Via Hydrothermal Method
(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2018) Nurul Norfarina Binti Hasbullah
One of free-lead materials which is morphology can be controlled with narrow size distribution is BaTiO3. In this work, BaTiO3 nanostructures were synthesized through hydrothermal method. Hydrothermal method is a simple and low cost method temperatures for materials synthesis. Three different molar ratios of Ba(OH)2 : tertbutylamine:oleicacid,specifically (1:2:2), (1:3:3) and (1:8:8) are varied to synthesis BaTiO3 nanopowders. The as-synthesis powders obtained from the hydrothermal process were calcined at temperature 500 °C to 1000 °C. These calcinationtemperatures were selected from the decomposition properties as shown on the thermogravimetric (TGA) analysis. Then, the powders prepared using the ratio (1:8:8) was chosen to further study in the form of the films because this molar ratio is the best combination to prepare BaTiO3 nanocubes. BaTiO3 (1:8:8) the thin films were fabricated using drop casting method and were heated at 550 °C for 4 hours. The phase formation and morphology of the samples were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The optical characterization of the samples was determined using UV-Vis spectroscopy (UV-Vis) and Photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL). When the calcination temperatures increase from 500 °C to 1000 °C, the XRD data shows BaTiO3 exhibited structural transition from cubic to tetragonal.
Biosynthesis, Fabrication And Analysis Of Biodegradable Poly(3hydroxybutyrate) And Antimicrobial Agent Blends As Bacterial Control In Aquaculture
(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2018) Teh Weng Kern
Bacterial control in aquaculture water system is important because the most prominent problem faced in this system is the high mortality rate caused by uncontrolled bacterial infections. The current measures used to control bacterial infection poses a disadvantage under long term use as it not only affects the environment but humans as well. Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) [P(3HB)], a bacteria-derived biodegradable polymer was investigated for its potential to act as a matrix for immobilizing antimicrobial agents. The prolonged immobilization of antimicrobial agents on a biodegradable matrix will enable improved inhibition of potentially pathogenic microorganisms in an eco-friendly approach.

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