Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi
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Item The allelopathic activity of striga asiatica extract on chlorella vulgaris (UMT-M1)(Terengganu: Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2012) Madiihah Che Hussain @ Che HasanAllelopathy is a common occurrence in plants and affects the growth of the reacting species either positive (stimulating) or negative (inhibiting). Allelopathic activity has been in many plant interactions such as weed on crops, crops on weeds and crops on crops. Weed allelopathy is important for the future agronomic applications especially in crops production. Striga asiatica has been known as the invasive weed species that inhibit the growth of important crops. The present study examined the allelopathic activity of Striga asiatica on microalgae Chiarella vulgaris (UMT-Ml) . Crude and supernatant extract of S. asiatica at two, four and six weeks of culture were tested using the algal plating assay with disc diffusion and agar well diffusion method. Results showed that crude extract of S. asiatica with agar well method causes positive allelopathic activity on the growth of Chlorella vulgaris (UMT-Ml) with formation of dense green zone around the agar well. The highest extract concentration, 50 mg/ml exhibited the highest stimulating allelopathic activity on the growth of Chlorella vulgaris (UMT-Ml) by showing the widest stimulating zone radius. The four weeks old of S. asitaca culture also contributed highest allelopathic activity with significance level at P<0.05. Allelopathic activity is dependent on the age of plantlets and concentration used on the microalgae.Item A study of structural and physical properties of pva/tio2 composite polymer(Terengganu: Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2009) Mohd Khazimie MahsanPolyvinyl alcohol (PV A) is one of the prom1smg representatives of polymeric material. There are numerous proposals for its application in electronics, as well as packaging textiles and food products, due to its high clarity, lack of charge densities properties and excellent durability. The application of polymer especially polyvinyl alcohol (PV A) has generated much interest in various industries. In this polymer study, the main purpose of this study is to measure and understand the structural and physical properties and also the characterization of PV A/Ti02 composite polymer. In this research, properties of PV A/Ti02 composite polymers have been studied by several techniques. The samples were prepared by using solution casting technique. Then after that was the measurement to reveal the surface morphology of PV A/Ti02 composite polymer thin film. The image of the both PV A surface has been carried out by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Infrared spectrometer was used to demonstrate the structure of PV A and whether the complexion that occur in the composite polymer structure. The result showed the bond group of PV A in range between 500 cm-1 and 4000 cm-1 • Then the composite also had been studied of their conductivity by using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). The highest conductivity of the composite had been known from this study which is 2.66x 10- 9 S cm-1.Item A study of surface morphology and physical properties of polyvinyl alcohol and methyl cellulose (PVA/MC) thin-film(Terengganu: Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2009) Mohd Khairol Mohd BakriThe application of polymer especially polyvinyl alcohol and methyl cellulose (PY A/MC) has generated much interest in various industry. In this research, characterization and properties of (PYA/MC) has been studied by several techniques. For the first method measurements reveal the surface morphology of PY A/MC in a form of powder and thin film. The image of the both PY A/MC surface has been carried out by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Infrared detector was used to demonstrate the structure of PY A/MC. The result showed the bond group of PY A/MC in range between 500 cm-1 to 4000 cm- 1• The EIS was conducted in order to determine the conductivity of the PY A/MC sample. The conductivity of the samole found to be between 1.035 x 10-5 to 9 x 10-6 scm-1 .Item Improvement of corrosion resistance of aluminum using super-hydrophobic method(Terengganu: Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2009) Mohd Alif OsmanA novel super-hydrophobic film was prepared by Livingston solution chemically adsorbed onto the aluminum. A superhydrophobic surface was prepared on aluminum substrate. The film formation and its structure were characterized by means of Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The formation of a composite interface composed of the flower-like surface nanostructures, water droplet and air trapped in the crevices was suggested to be responsible for the superior water-repellent property. The corrosion behavior of the super-hydrophobic surface was investigated with potentiodynamic polarization measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Due to the 'air valleys' and 'capillarity' effects, the corrosion resistance of the material was improved remarkably.Item Development of daq card with selected analog voltage input(Terengganu: Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2009) Mohd Afiq ZakariaNowadays, signal conversion has become very useful process for data logging. There are several ways in which the data can be exchanged between instruments and a computer. In this project, DAQ card with selected analog voltage input is developed. There are three main part in this project which are voltage selector part, microcontroller part and computer monitoring part. This project is focus on displaying the converted analog input in range O volt to 30 volt to digital signal. In the microcontroller part, MC68HC 11 A 1 is use as the main controller unit. This controller will send signal to transistor in order to make the BJT able to divide certain voltage. The main task for microcontroller in this project is to convert analog input voltage to digital signal. Then the converted digital signal is transmitted to computer for responds display. In the last part, the circuit will able connect to the computer for monitoring system for displayed the result. The proposed of this project are successfully achieve, this development has the advantages of flexibility in the case of changes while it can be easily operated and much easier to understanding.Item The application of radio frequency identification (RFID) technology in a hotel management system(Terengganu: Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2009) Loh San SanRadio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a tool that performs automatic collection of data, which are similar tools as bar codes and credit cards with magnetic stripes on them. The RFID technology can automatically gather data that might not be collected otherwise. Besides that, it is also capable in higher speed of operation. Consequently, RFID is used to improve system operations and solve several very complex and timesensitive problem. In particular, a basic RFID system is composed of three parts: RFID tags, RFID readers, and processing software. In this paper, a hotel management system with the application of RFID is designed, developed, evaluated and optimized. The objective of the system is to enhance operational efficiency and make it shorter period for customers' waiting time for the billing processing. The main functions of the program are to detect the walk-in time or walk-out time and record the expenditure of customers. In fact, the hotel card is not only function as a key; it can also act as a payment card. Meanwhile, the programming software, such as C Language, My Sequence/Structured Query Language database (MySQL database) and Active Server Pages Web Net (ASP. Net) are learned and explored as to enhance the knowledge of software and hardware implementation during the research project. Hence, throughout this study, it is able to demonstrate the significance and benefits of using RFID technology specifically in the hotel management system.Item The purity of honey(Terengganu: Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2009) Lee Shih-QuanThis study was carried out to identify, define, and determine the purity of honey which is one of the products that are consumed widely ai:id whose purity is often questioned, using 6 parameters (viscosity, surface tension, total ash amount, pH, sugar content and colour intensity). Honeys are widely consumed because honeys are wellknown for its nutritious and medicinal purposes. The six parameters were chosen because these are the several things that are being manipulated by manufacturers to increase profit margin. Some manufacturers will add water; colour, sugar and etc. to try to make their products look pure, real, and convincing. For this research, pure Tualang honeys from Cameron Highlands will be used. Therefore, after the research, it can be concluded that only the viscosity, pH, total ash amount, colour intensity, and sugar content can be used to identify the purity level of honey. On the other hand, the surface tension parameter is not suitable to be used to identify the purity of honey. In conclusion, pure honey has a viscosity of 4608 ± 10 cP (with a percentage of torque of 38.40 ± 0.10%), total ash amount of 0.2076 ± 0.1100 %, pH of 2.85 ± 0.02, colour intensity with a L* value of 20.11 ± 0.7; a* value of 12.61 ± 0.8, and b* value of 16.40 ± 1.1, and sugar content (measured according to the colour intensity of the solution) of L * value of 21.41 ± 0.9; a* value of -0.12 ± 0.6, b* value of 4.74 ± 0.6. Therefore, it is hoped that through this research, consumers' will be able to obtained honeys that are really pure.Item Effects of wood content on the color, mechanical properties, surface chemistry and morphology of wood-plastic composite(Terengganu: Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2009) Kwa Bee KeeEffects of wood content on the color, mechanical properties, surface chemistry and morphological of wood-plastic composite (WPC) based on different mixture ratios of recycled high density polyethylene (rHDPE) and wood flour were investigated. Color measurement, FTIR analysis, mechanical testing and scanning electron microscopy study had employed in this research. The addition of wood flour indicated an increased of total color change and a decreased of lightness. The resulting WPC became darken and the colors were toward to red and yellow if compared with initial value. Functional groups of wood flour in rHDPE matrix can be seen clearer with increasing wood flour content as the shape of the wavenumber determined by FTIR spectroscopy became so obvious to be observed. As an overall, modulus of elasticity was improved by the addition of wood flour, whereas stress at break, strain at break and elongation at break were lowered by the addition of wood flour. Resulting WPC experienced a negative effect on the mechanical properties due to poor interfacial bonding between the polymer matrix and wood flour filler. Unidentified particles with vertex were found in rHDPE due to the impurity of rHDPE as a recycled material. Holes were made by fibres being pulled out from the polymer matrix. Fibre breaking and region of cup-and-cone fracture were examined in the fractured polymer matrix. Gaps between the matrix and fibre were getting visible with increasing wood flour content. This shows that the interaction between matrix and filler was weak, resulting in less and poor interfacial adhesion with an addition of wood flour.Item Design and development of multilevel car park system(Terengganu: Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2009) Khor Chun YeapNowadays, the technologies that currently implemented in multilevel car park system in Malaysia is still left behind compare to other developed countries. Vehicle driver has to travel from level to level in order to search for a parking space. This can cause wastage of time in searching for an empty space and the cost that spent on fuel will increase as well. Besides, vehicle driver also facing the problem in ensuring their privilege in private car park protected. Therefore, in this research, the technology of multilevel car park system was introduced, modified and improved by using low cost and good quality sensors and also create an efficient security system on the same time in order to protect the privilege and safety of vehicle driver in private car park. This system was designed by program the C language into PIC microcontroller chip where this chip acts as a controller of the whole system. As a conclusion, the result of this project was hoped to improve the present technology of multilevel car park system that practiced in Malaysia and also able to be propose and apply in all the multilevel car park in Malaysia so that problems that faced by vehicle driver can be reduced.Item Design and development of automatic water boiler system model with programmable intelligent computer (PIC)(Terengganu: Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2009) Khaw Wei KiatNowadays, the water boiler is a popular product. There are many types of water boilers in the market. However for most of the products, water has to be refilled into water boiler manually before using it. This project is done to fabricate an automatic water boiler system model to improve the current water boiler. The water boiler can refill and boil the water automatically. PIC 16F877 A has been selected to be used in this project as to control the system flows. The temperature sensor (LM35) is used to sense the water temperature and the water level sensors are used to sense the water level in the water boiler and control the water refilling process. In order to fabricate out the product, both the software model and hardware model are completed. The software model is done by writing a source code for the system. The software model is evaluated by using the MIN140 PIC Training Kit, BZ022. For the hardware model, the circuits of the product are designed and fabricated out by soldering all the components on the strip board. The circuits are then assembled into a complete model. The model is packaged in a cabinet with vessel.Item Pencirian dan pengekelasan pasir dalam tanah menggunakan gelombang ultrasonik(Terengganu: Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2009) Kamilah RamlyStudy of classification and characterization of sand in soils profile using ultrasonic wave is developed because of nowadays demand in classification method that is quick and precise. The focus of this study is to create a method in classification of sands in soil profile without using chemical reagent and study of ultrasonic application in characterization of sands in soils. 36 soil samples with different depth were collected from 3 regions with different environment. The first is agricultural area in Kg. Manir, Kuala Terengganu, the second soil sampling is done at Pantai Tok Jembal, Kuala Terengganu and the third set of soil is collected from mangrove area at Sungai Terengganu, Kg Bunut. The ultrasonic wave with 5 W and frequency of 40000 Hz is radiated trough soil samples in critical angle of 90°· Attenuation Coefficient, a is then determines and the data is compared to percentage of sands in soil using variety size of sieves which are 2.00 mm, 1.00 mm, 500 μm, 250 μm, and 125 μm in size. The comparison between attenuation coefficient and sand percentage show that maximum attenuation coefficient having higher percentage in very coarse sand (<2 mm and 2.00 mm) than minimum attenuation coefficient. However, percentage of very fine sand (125 μm) or fine sand (250 μm) in maximum attenuation coefficient is higher than soil sample which having minimum attenuation coefficient. In conclusion, the smaller particle filled empty spaces between the coarse sand and because of that, resistivity of ultrasonic increase. Hence, attenuation coefficient increased.Item Study the urinary of smoker and non smoker for sstudents at UMT(Terengganu: Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2009) Kam Soon BengApproximately 5.5 trillion cigarettes are produced globally each year and are smoked by over 1.1 billion people. In Malaysia, about half of all Malaysia men smoke. Every day about 50 teenagers below the age of 18 start smoking in Malaysia. However, cigarette smoke contains more than 4000 toxic compounds and it can contribute many cancer and disease such as heart disease, stroke and chronic lung disease. The results of numerous studies have confirmed that smoking is a serious risk causes for many diseases. It is because nicotine enters the bloodstream when a smoker inhaled the tobacco smoke. It is then circulated to various body organs. This research is mainly to study the urinary of smoker and non-smoker for male students at UMT. In this study, the urine samples have been examined by the instrument Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) and Ultravioletvisible spectroscopy. By using this two method is allows the identification of the functional groups or the chemical groups of the sample that used for studies.Item Electrical and measurement of properties of methylcellulose doped adipic acid (MCAA) biopolymer electrolytes(Terengganu: Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2009) Heng Siaw GekThin films of methylcellulose doped adipic acid (MCAA) made it a good mechanical property. The films were prepared by solution-cast technique. Methylcellulose, a white powder, was added into acetic acid to form methylcellulose acetate and stirred. Until the mixture reached homogenous state, it was added with adipic acid with different concentration and continued to be stirred thoroughly until it become homogenous. Then the mixture was casted into Petri dishes and let dry. Then, transparent and prismatic clear thin films of MCAA were formed. The samples were kept in plastic bags and labelled or further characterizations. Instrument and methods used was Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). Cole-Cole plots showed that the conductivity, u is proportional to the salt concentration and also to the temperature. The highest conductivity for the sample at room temperature is 4.66 X 10-9 5 m-1 . With temperature applied, the highest conductivity, u that obtained is 5.59 x 10-95 m-1at temperature of 373 K. The potential energy curve plotted indicated that the MCAA thin films are a good conducting material that there is getting less energy barrier needed for the chemical reaction, at higher temperature for physical transport in forming products. In the study of dielectric and electrical study, all the dielectric constants and modulus showed increment together with the increased of frequencies, as the salt concentration increases. This indicated that the higher values of concentration give rise to inter-particle hindrance and dipolar motion giving rise to higher values of dielectric constant as investigated by Yadav and Gandhi (1992).Item Design and control of a small mobile robot : robotic vacuum machine(Terengganu: Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2009) Ang Yee ChuanNowadays, people are called for a simple and easy life. By this reason, things have changed to a better life. Robotics industrial is one of the things that help human to improve their life such as in manufacturing industrial and the others. In this project study, robotic vacuum machine was developed. This robotic vacuum machine are able apply on daily life in home, office, and the others places. This robotic vacuum machine is able to help and replace human to do the boring, dirty and dangerous work. All of the function will be developed by using the C programming language. C language was chosen because it compiled to highly efficient code, it was particularly well-suited to electronics application. The program had been load into programmable microcontroller chips (PIC18F452) that functions as a brain of the robot. In the end of this study project, the robot had been tested under three tasks which are in different situation. The three tasks are included random task which the robot moves randomly in a certain area. The second task is the line follower task. For the last task, the robot that able to count the line had been designed. By doing this project study, hopefully it could assist the development progress in this country.Item Computer numerical control machine controller (cnc) by using very high speed integrated circuit hardware description language (VHDL)(Terengganu: Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2009) Ameenul Ummah SallehuddinVery High Speed Integrated Circuits Description Language (VHDL) has gained a lot of interest in the field of high-speed computer numerical control machine digital controllers (CNC) where high processing speed at the servo loop update time is critical. With the implementation of the programme to reconfigurable devices like Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) have advantages over microprocessors and DSP with similar logic complexity because their open architecture makes them suitable for system on-a-chip applications. VHDL is a language for describing digital systems. VHDL is intended to support the hierarchical design, documentation, and simulation of hardware from simple logic gate to complex digital systems. Hardware designs can be specified as purely behavioral descriptions, data flow and structure. The versatility of VHDL allows it to be used for this Computer numerical control machine system circuit technology while remaining independent of underlying implementation. By using this language, CNC is developed by combining six subsystems which are Control Unit, Integrator, Tool change Spindle control, Motion Control and Coolant control. To verify the CNC system is correct, a simulator is the model. Every subsystem is simulated to make sure the output of CNC is correct. From the simulation result, all of the objectives had been achieved. Comparison between simulation result and input parameters shows that CNC outputs are archived all the specification needed. The use of VHDL has not oncy made the development of CNC design more economically but has simplified the CNC development process by using an integer rather than binary that made the system more complicated.Item Kajian serapan gama terhadap tisu tiruan (tulang sotong)(Terengganu: Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2009) Ahmad Norzaidi NordinTerdapat pelbagai kesan buruk akibat daripada terkena sinaran gama. Oleh itu tujuan bahan kajian ini dijalankan adalah untuk mengkaji bahan yang mempunyai kadar serapan sinar gama yang baik. Di dalam kajian ini saya menggunakan tulang sotong sebagai sampel yang diuji dimana ketebalan sampel berlainan antara satu sama lain.Melalui kajian ini, semua ketebalan sampel kajian menyamai kadar serapan yang terdapat pada perspek. Berbanding dengan sampel tulang sotong kering yang mempunyai kadar serapan yang kurang berbanding dengan sampel-sampel yang mengandungi air. Ini membuktikan yang molekul air mempengaruhi kadar penyerapan. Pada masa akan datang bagi menghasilkan perisaian yang lebih baik tulang sotong boleh digabungkan dengan bahan lain untuk menambahkan lagi kadar serapannya terhadap sinar gama.Item Perbandingan di kalangan beberapa kawasan Kuala Lumpur tentang sistem perparitan untuk mencegah kejadian banjir(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2009) Tam Min ZhiPenggunaan Kaedah Rasional dan perisian komputer HEC-RAS adalah penting dalam menganalisiskan sistem perparitan yang sesuai untuk sesebuah kawasan penempatan. Kajian projek ini tertumpu kepada perbandingan di kalangan beberapa kawasan di Kuala Lumpur tentang sistem perparitan untuk mencegah kejadian banjir yang kerap berlaku. Keamatan hujan, peta topografi, luas kawasan tadahan merupakan parameter utama dalam mengawal keberkesanan kaedah rational. Tambahan pula, penggunaan perisian HEC-RAS juga dapat mencipta sistem perparitan yang lebih sesuai daripada data yang terdapat daiipada kaedah rational. Dengan menganalisiskan sistem perpai·itan yang terdapat di kawasan kajian dapatlah menentukan punca-punca berlaku kejadian banjir supaya clapat mengurangkan kejadian banjir yang kerap berlaku.Item Peramalan kadar kejadian kemalangan jalan raya di Malaysia menggunakan kaedah box-jenkins bermusim(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2009) Siti Sallwa PieeKadar kejadian kemalangan jalan raya didapati semakin meningkat dari tahun ke tahun, walaupun telah banyak usaha untuk mengatasinya dilaksanakan. Kajian yang terperinci perlu dilakukan untuk melihat kadar dan jumlah kemalangan yang semakin meningkat kerana kejadian kemalangan ini telah mengakibatkan banyak kehilangan nyawa. Dalam kajian ini, model SARIMA telah digunakan untuk meramal kadar kemalangan jalan raya yang berlaku. Data-data bermusim selama 34 tahun digunakan untuk meramal kadar kemalangan dalam tempoh 10 tahun akan datang. Kajian ini mendapati model SARIMA (0,1,1) x (1,0,0) 4 adalah bersesuaian untuk membuat peramalan bagi perayaan Krismas, Tahun Baru Cina dan Hari Raya Puasa dan model SARIMA(0,0,1) x (0,1,1) 4 sesuai membuat peramalan bagi perayaan Deepavali. Kajian menunjukkan kadar kemalangan meningkat dalam tempoh 10 tahun akan datang. Justeru daripada peningkatan kadar kemalangan ini, usaha yang drastik perlu dilakukan oleh pihak-pihak berkenaan.Item Methylcellulose doped glycolic acid biopolymer electrolyte : preparation, conductivity, and ionic transport study(Terengganu: Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2009) Ernest Cheah Hock KuanThin films of methylcellulose (MC) doped with various weight percentage (wt. %) of glycolic acid (GA) were produced through solution cast technique to obtain a solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) in a form of a biopolymer. The study determines the feasibility of producing a proton conducting biopolymer of MC doped with GA (MCGA) thin films, suitable for applications in batteries and fuel cells. The films obtained were transparent and mechanically strong. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) studies were conducted to analyse the conductivity and ionic transport properties of the MC-GA thin films. The samples were tested over a frequency range from 50 Hz to 1 MHz with the sample sandwiched between two stainless steel electrodes loaded with spring pressure. The highest conductivity, s, of MC-GA thin films obtained in room temperature was 7 .16 x 10- 10 S cm-1 • The Transference Number Measurement (TNM) studies were conducted to determine and correlate the ionic diffusion phenomena with the conductivity behaviour of the MC-GA thin film electrolytes. The calculated ionic transference number, tion, in the electrolytes were obtained from the current-normalised ionic transference number, lion, measured when the sample was subjected to a fixed direct current (DC) voltage of 1.5 V across the sample sandwiched between two stainless steel electrodes loaded with spring pressure. The s values were found to be directly proportional and controlled by the ionic mobility,μ, and ionic diffusion coefficient, D. The values of /1+ and D+ were higher than μ_ and D_ respectively, implying that the MC-GA thin film biopolymer electrolytes are proton conductors.Item Development of rain intensity sensor(Terengganu: Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2009) Dwight Tham Jern EeeRain intensity is one of the important parameter for the meteorological field. Currently, the sensor that commonly used is the Pluviograph Dines Tilting-Siphon. Pluviograph is capable to record the rain intensity and also the amount of rain. The problem of this sensor is during the siphon process the amount and intensity of rain is not measured. Besides, the sensor did not give real time reading and it is a conventional sensor that output is not in electrical to obtain the advantages of modem computing and display devices. In this paper, a rain intensity sensor with remote monitoring system is designed, fabricated and calibrated. The objective for designing this sensor is to give real time reading and make the output of the sensor in electrical signal. This sensor used the kinetic of rain water to measure the rain intensity because the kinetic of rain is analogous with rain intensity. The design sensor used a water wheel as a transducer to convert the kinetic of water into voltage. Then the voltage is converted to frequency so that it is easy to interfere with the electronic monitoring devices such like computer or oscilloscope. The designed sensor is successfully developed and it is able to give real time reading with the sensitivity of 2.3489 Hz/ ml -1 s