INVESTIGATION OF CO-PYROLYSIS OF FISH WASTE AND EMPTY FRUIT BUNCH: KINETIC AND THERMODYNAMIC PARAMETER ESTIMATION, PRODUCT YIELDS, AND BIOCHAR CHARACTERISATION
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Date
2024-06
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UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU
Abstract
This study explores the feasibility of utilising fish waste (FW) and empty fruit
bunches (EFB) as feedstocks in co-pyrolysis. The research aims to optimize copyrolysis
by estimating kinetic and thermodynamic parameters, evaluating product
yields at various temperatures, and characterising biochar properties.
Thermogravimetric analysis was employed at heating rates of 10, 20, and 30 °C/min,
while kinetic and thermodynamic parameters were estimated using the Kissinger-
Akahira-Sunose and Flynn-Wall-Ozawa methods. Reaction mechanisms were inferred
using Criado plots. Product yields were measured in a tube furnace at 500 - 600 °C
temperatures. The biochar was characterised using Fourier-transform infrared
spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Results revealed that activation
energies (𝐸!) ranged from 25.56 to 170.76 kJ/mol, with 75FW:25EFB exhibiting the
lowest 𝐸!. The complexity of co-pyrolysis reactions was evidenced by frequency
factors with average values spanning from 1.65 x 108 to 5.66 x 1011 s-1. Reaction
models identified included Power law, Avrami-Erofeev, Reaction-order, Geometrical
contraction, and Diffusion models. The changes in enthalpy and entropy analyses
highlighted the energy-intensive and thermodynamic equilibrium tendencies of the
process, with the change in Gibbs free energy confirming the feasibility of copyrolysis.
FW-rich mixtures produced higher biochar yields, attributed to their ash
content, while EFB-rich mixtures favored biogas production due to higher volatile content. At 500 °C, 75FW:25EFB achieved 47 % biochar yield, which decreased to 42
% at 600 °C. EFB demonstrated superior gas production potential, reaching 67 %
biogas yield at 600 °C. Co-pyrolysis resulted in improved liquid fuel and gas yields
compared to individual feedstocks. Biochar analysis revealed that FW-rich biochar
contained nitrogenous and aromatic functional groups, while lignocellulosic structures
characterized EFB-rich biochar. Co-pyrolyzed biochar also showed enhanced
carbonization, porosity, and functionality, making it ideal for soil amendment, water
filtration, and renewable energy uses. The study highlights the advantages of
optimizing FW and EFB ratios, with 75FW:25EFB and 50FW:50EFB emerging as the
most effective blends for balanced product yields and biochar quality. This research
demonstrates the potential of FW and EFB co-pyrolysis as a sustainable approach to
optimize biochar production and convert waste into valuable resources.
Description
Keywords
CO-PYROLYSIS OF FISH WASTE, termodinamik, EMPTY FRUIT BUNCH, estimating kinetic and thermodynamic parameters,