Better Management Practices in International Aquaculture
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Date
2008
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Publisher
John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Abstract
The United States imports about 85% of its fi sheries products, and fi sh, shrimp, and molluscan
shellfi sh originating from aquaculture are a major component of this trade. Several
environmental nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) became highly critical of aquaculture
and particularly about marine shrimp and salmon farming in the 1990s. Attempts by
more radical environmental NGOs to effect consumer boycotts of these species in the
United States and other western nations failed. However, several moderate NGOs persisted
in efforts to promote environmental and social responsibility in aquaculture. Criticism of
aquaculture practices by World Wildlife Fund, Environmental Defense, Conservation
International, and other environmental NGOs has caused aquaculture organizations to
promote environmental responsibility, governments to increase environmental regulations
for aquaculture, and some retailers and other food service buyers to seek environmentally
and socially responsible aquaculture products. Most negative environmental and social
impacts of aquaculture occur at the farm level, and particular emphasis has been given to
encouraging producers to adopt best management practices (BMPs) designed to lessen
these impacts. The NGOs also have succeeded in obtaining the participation of the United
Nations Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), World Bank, and other international
development agencies in efforts to promote responsible aquaculture. Moreover, educational
programs by NGOs to encourage more responsible seafood choices by consumers
apparently are beginning to infl uence the market.
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Keywords
Better Management Practices, International Aquaculture, fi sheries products, United States