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This book was motivated by an increasing, strong need for the control of sex ratios and monosex production knowledge and technology by the rapid growing global aquaculture industry. Currently, aquaculture – the fastest growing food‐producing sector – contributes about 50% of the world’s food fish, based on the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) latest reports. Sex control in aquaculture serves different purposes. First and foremost, a wide spectrum of aquacultured species show sexual dim...

The culture of microalgae is of fundamental importance to commercial hatcheries rearing marine molluscs, since they are currently the only suitable food source. Molluscs, unlike fish and crustaceans, are fed microalgae directly. Consequently, mollusc development is closely related to the quantity and quality of phytoplankton produced. Microalgal cultures are necessary because the concentration of natural phytoplankton in the seawater used in the hatchery is generally insufficient for opt...

This chapter considers the biological features of microalgae most commonly used in hatcheries as well as their biochemical composition, paying special attention to those compounds beneficial to marine animal nutrition. Finally, microalgal production systems are described and compared with those implemented in hatcheries, particularly in economic terms.

Microalgae play a vital role in the rearing of aquatic animals like mollusks, shrimp, and fish, and are of strategic interest for aquaculture. This work reviews production systems of microalgae for aquaculture (e.g. Benemann, 1992; Muller-Feuga, 2000), partially reproduced and updated here (with kind permission from Kluwer Academic Publishers). All the fisheries and aquaculture production statistics quoted were obtained from the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO, 200...

Successful and sustainable aquaculture development requires that culture technologies become transferred to the private sector as economically and financially viable businesses. Thorough business planning minimizes the risks of new aquaculture business start-ups and assists with obtaining investment and operating capital. Investment and farm economic models can assist decision makers by quantifying the tradeoffs associated with a variety of management decisions. A wide variety of models h...

In 1979, Hawaii was the first state to prepare a comprehensive aquaculture development plan. This was three years after the watershed Kyoto Conference that brought into sharp focus the global potential of aquaculture, and its publication instigated a long-term commitment by the state government to make water farming a major contributor to Hawaii’s economy. Since then, the efforts by the public sector to develop the industry have been many and diverse, achieving varying degrees of influenc...

The need for appropriate tilapia technologies to enhance aquaculture development in the Philippines has been demonstrated with regard to the relevance and availability of highly productive technologies such as genetic manipulation. With the availability of genetics-based technologies, opportunities for farmers to raise the productivity of their resources take on a special importance. These technologies are vital to aquaculture in terms of productivity, stability, and sustainability. The i...

Topics that were discussed included basic concepts of sustainable aquaculture and factors that influence sustainability, theoretical and analytical frameworks in the choices of species and systems, current socioeconomic trends and differences in perspectives from developing and developed countries, national aquaculture development plans, practices and lessons learned in selecting culture species and production methods for different regions, and future directions for sustainable aquac...

Whereas aquaculture has become the fastest growing food activity in the world in the past three decades, in Africa in general, and in sub-Saharan Africa in particular, it has been notable for its weak and erratic growth. Recognizing the genuine potential for aquaculture to contribute greatly to food security, poverty reduction, and the continent’s economic growth, policy makers and development planners in Africa recognize the need to ensure sustainable development of the sector. This pape...

Aquaculture has existed for several thousands of years and in many different forms (Beveridge and Little 2002). It is hugely diverse and involves the production of both aquatic animals and plants in fresh, brackish, and marine waters from near polar to tropical environments. It has the longest history in China where earthen pond culture of common carp was recorded over 3000 years ago (Landau 1991; Li 1994). Polyculture of Chinese carps and other fish species in ponds still accounts for m...

Whereas aquaculture has become the fastest growing food activity in the world in the past three decades, in Africa in general, and in sub-Saharan Africa in particular, it has been notable for its weak and erratic growth. Recognizing the genuine potential for aquaculture to contribute greatly to food security, poverty reduction, and the continent’s economic growth, policy makers and development planners in Africa recognize the need to ensure sustainable development of the sector. This pape...

The economic concept of comparative advantage can be a useful methodology in providing valuable information for both commercial and policy decision making regarding aquaculture development. This paper appraises two approaches commonly used in the economics literature for comparative advantage assessment. One is the domestic resource costs (DRC) approach; and the other is the revealed comparative advantage (RCA) approach. Several aquaculture-related empirical applications of the DRC and RC...

Economics is often defi ned as the allocation of scarce resources to meet the unlimited wants and needs of human beings. This defi nition illustrates the breadth of the economics discipline and the basis for the tools of economic analysis that are used to address issues that extend well beyond business activities. In the context of environmental regulation, better management practices (BMPs), and aquaculture, economics provides theoretical and analytical models that can identify optimal ...

The advent of gene transfer methods in model mammalian species in the early 1980s (Palmiter et al. 1982; Hammer et al. 1985a) provided impetus to genetically engineer a range of other vertebrates for applied purposes. In particular, the remarkable enhancement in growth rate of mice to transgene-derived overexpression of growth hormone (GH) led to extensive transgenic studies in mammals for terrestrial agricultural species (Pursel et al. 1989). For domesticated mammals, transgenesis resul...

Chromosome set manipulation in many aquaculture species has been used as a tool for monosex production, production of polyploids to induce sterility or to improve growth, and production of clonal lines for applied and basic research in quantitative trait analysis, genome architecture, and evolution. Several previous studies have extensively reviewed the utility and status of chromosome set manipulation in aquaculture (Tave 1993; Pandian and Koteeswaran 1998; Arai 2001; Felip et al. 2001;...

DNA microarrays printed on glass slides have been available for some aquaculturerelevant species since 2004, and global gene expression studies involving new aquatic animal DNA microarray platforms are appearing in the literature virtually every month. In a very short time, DNA microarrays have become popular tools for aquaculture-related research. This is not surprising given that these genomic tools have recently revolutionized scientific research in other areas such as toxicology, agr...

Genomics is the study of the genome. The term genome refers to the entire genetic content of an organism. In most cases, the genetic information is contained in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules and as described in the central dogma theory of Francis Crick (1958) the DNA sequence is transcribed into ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules and then translated from RNA into proteins. The entire RNA and protein content of an organism are referred to as transcriptome and proteome, respectively....

The United States imports about 85% of its fi sheries products, and fi sh, shrimp, and molluscan shellfi sh originating from aquaculture are a major component of this trade. Several environmental nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) became highly critical of aquaculture and particularly about marine shrimp and salmon farming in the 1990s. Attempts by more radical environmental NGOs to effect consumer boycotts of these species in the United States and other western nations failed. However...

Net pens and cages are submerged, suspended, or fl oating enclosures used to hold and grow aquatic animals. Net pens and cages may be located along a shore or pier, or anchored and fl oating offshore, either in freshwater or saltwater (Fig. 8.1) They may be used to culture a variety of shellfi sh or fi nfi sh, but this chapter pertains only to fi nfi sh facilities. Cages have rigid frames on all sides and net pens have rigid frames only at the top. These structural differences have littl...